Clean Air Act Essays - Pollutants, Soil Contamination, Free Essays

Clean Air Act Essays - Pollutants, Soil Contamination, Free Essays Clean Air Act 1990, the federal Clean Air Act was passed to improve air quality in the United States. President Bush's proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act initially would have led to the introduction of alternative, non-petroleum fuels. The petroleum and oxygenate industries responded by offering a reformulated gasoline program as a substitute for most of the alternate fuel proposals. As a result, the amendments to the federal Clean Air Act adopted in 1990 required steps to achieve lower vehicle emissions, including programs to oxygenate and reformulate gasoline. Oxygenated gasoline is designed to increase the combustion efficiency of gasoline, thereby reducing carbon monoxide emissions. Since January 1995, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments require areas that have the most severe ozone pollution to use reformulated gasoline containing fuel oxygenates to improve air quality. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is one of the most commonly used fuel oxygenates because it is produced in very large amounts from isobutylene, a waste product in the refining process. MTBE can be easily produced at the refinery, at a low cost, and can be transferred through existing pipelines once it has been blended with gasoline. In contrast to other gasoline additives used in the past, MTBE is a member of a class of chemical compounds, ethers, whose unique properties are enhanced solubility in water and chemical attraction to water molecules. These properties, along with widespread use of MTBE, have resulted in frequent detection of MTBE in samples of shallow groundwater from urban areas throughout the United States. MTBE moves quickly to shallow groundwater because it is not attached to soil particles, and is chemically attracted to water molecules. MTBE the potential to impact regional groundwater sources and may present a cumulative contamination hazard due to its mobility and apparent recalcitrance. The United States Geological Survey, in a paper presented to the American Chemical Society in San Francisco in April 1997, noted that MTBE can move from shallow to deeper aquifers with time. MTBE enters the environment, and eventually the groundwater, mainly from leaking underground fuel tanks and associated piping, but also from incomplete combustion in internal combustion engines, spilling and evaporation during transportation and refueling, and watercraft exhaust. Atmospheric precipitation may be another potential sourc e of MTBE in groundwater, because MTBE percolates easily through soil due to its small molecular size and solubility in water, allowing it to move rapidly into groundwater. The Environmental Protection Agency has classified MTBE as a possible human carcinogen, but no drinking-water regulation has been established for the compound. The Environmental Protection Agency has issued a drinking water advisory of 20- 40 micrograms per liter, based upon odor and taste thresholds, and to provide a large margin of safety from carcinogenic effects. Since February 1997, the California Department of Health Services has required public water suppliers to monitor their drinking water sources for MTBE. As of December 1997, about 23%of drinking water sources in California had been sampled for MTBE contamination. Of those sites tested, 33 or 1.3%, had detectable levels of MTBE. Of the contaminated sites tested, 36% had MTBE levels above the state's proposed drinking water standard. Some water systems only test every three years for volatile organic compounds, such as MTBE, so it will be the end of 2000 before all systems will have been tested. For MTBE, this frequency of impact to public drinking wells may not be a reliable indicator of future trends because it reflects a history of releases, including those involving gasoline formulations containing no or only low volumes of MTBE. It also appears that dissolved benzene plumes were of larger regulatory concern than MTBE in previous studies. Most studies have indicated that MTBE does not biodegrade easily under various environmental conditions. If a research investigation determines that a compound does not degrade, a half-life is not reported and the compound is classified as recalcitrant. MTBE is generally reported as recalcitrant, and there are no widely accepted estimates of the half-life. Investigators have reported that MTBE is recalcitrant in anaerobic laboratory studies including denitrifying conditions, sulfate-reducing conditions, methanogenic-reducing conditions, and anaerobic conditions in landfill-affected aquifer material, soils, and sludges. One 1995 result indicated there was no degradation of MTBE in an aerobic laboratory study after more

A Short Guide to Capitalization

A Short Guide to Capitalization A capital letter is the form of an alphabetical letter (such as A, B, C) used to begin a  proper noun  or the first word in a sentence. A capital letter is an uppercase letter in contrast to lower case. Verb: capitalize. Also known as  majuscule, uppercase, upper-case, block letter, and caps. In classical Greek and Latin writing, only capital letters (also called majuscules) were used. Examples and Observations By the sixth and seventh centuries the various letter forms we now use had been invented . . .. From the ninth century on all writing in the Latin alphabet, in whatever style or hand, used capital and small-letter pairs as we do now.(Thomas A. Sebeok, Current Trends in Linguistics, 1974)A capital is always used for the first letter of a sentence. It is a universal rule. But the same cannot be said for the capitalization of names or proper nouns. Style varies wildly betweenand even withinpublications such as national newspapers and magazines. Apply commonsense rules. All names of people and placesPeter Cook, Paraguay, Piccadilly Circustake capitals. All titles of specific works of artCitizen Kane, the Mona Lisa, Beethovens Fifth Symphony, Anna Kareninatake a capital. Languages and nationalitiesEnglish, the Frenchtake capitals. Institutionsthe Houses of Parliament, the White House, the Anglican Churchtake capitals. Days, months and formally defined periods of historyMonday, February, t he Middle Agestake capitals. . . .Words deriving from proper names usually take a capitalas Christian from Christ and Marxist from Marx. But some such words, known as eponyms, have come into everyday use and no longer take a capital.(Ned Halley, Dictionary of Modern English Grammar. Wordsworth, 2005) She laid the folded newspaper on the counter between us, and my eye caught the words DISASTER, FAILURE and CRASH.(Eva Figes, Nellys Version. Secker Warburg, 1977) Trends in Capitalization I am a poet: I distrust anything that starts with a capital letter and ends with a full stop (Antjie Krog)Times have changed since the days of medieval manuscripts with elaborate hand-illuminated capital letters, or Victorian documents in which not just proper names, but virtually all nouns, were given initial caps (a Tradition valiantly maintained to this day by Estate Agents). A look through newspaper archives would show greater use of capitals the further back you went. The tendency towards lowercase, which in part reflects a less formal, less deferential society, has been accelerated by the internet: some web companies, and many email users, have dispensed with capitals altogether.(David Marsh and Amelia Hodsdon, Guardian Style, 3rd ed. Guardian Books, 2010)If in doubt use lower case unless it looks absurd.(The Economist Style Guide. Profile Books, 2005) The Lighter Side of Capital Letters He believed in a door. He must find that door. The door was the way to . . . to . . .The Door was The Way.Good.Capital letters were always the best way of dealing with things you didnt have a good answer to.(Douglas Adams, Dirk Gentlys Holistic Detective Agency. Pocket Books, 1987) Carol Fisher: This is Scott ffolliott. Newspaperman, same as you. London correspondent. Mr. Haverstock, Mr. ffolliott.Scott ffolliott: With a double f.Johnny Jones: How do you do?Scott ffolliott: How do you do?Johnny Jones: I dont get the double f.Scott ffolliott: Theyre at the beginning, old boy. Both small fs.Johnny Jones: They cant be at the beginning.Scott ffolliott: One of my ancestors had his head chopped off by Henry VIII, and his wife dropped the capital letter to commemorate the occasion. There it is.Johnny Jones: How do you say it, like a stutter?Scott ffolliott: No, just straight fuh.(Laraine Day, George Sanders, and Joel McCrea in Foreign Correspondent, 1940)

E-government Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12000 words

E-government - Essay Example There was a revolution in the waiting to happen and it is only with the passage of time that everyone concerned with the governmental departments will understand the true potential and advantages of implementing the E-government initiative. Surely the times have changed – for the better. (Moulder, 2001) E-government is the short form of electronic government, also known as the ‘e-gov’ and has a number of other names in digital government, online government and even transformational government. (Riley, 2003) E-government discusses the manner in which government makes use of the exchange of information and services that are pertinent with regards to the citizens, individual businesses, and other governmental agencies to name a few. (Welch, 2005) E-government thus takes care of information and communications technology, which in this paper we will call as ICT. All these processes are carried out to ensure that there is improvement within the processes, efficiency is achieved, public services are better managed and delivered and there are plenty of tasks that are done in the right manner as far as processes of democratic governance is concerned. Thus to add to the same discussion, we see that the E-governments encompass a number of different models including the Government to Citizen, also known as the Government to Customer, Government to Business and lastly Government to Government. However to coin the most significant of these activities that E-government does in the related scheme of things, we see that E-government increases efficiency between the tasks, ensures there is convenience all around and there is a better accessibility factor related with the provision of basic public services. Hence the interaction between the private sector and that of the public sector is also improved as a result of the very same. We are ascertaining as to why we are trying to incorporate E-government within the governmental ranks especially when there is

Analysis of Jet Blue Airline company's Balance sheet Research Paper

Analysis of Jet Blue Airline company's Balance sheet - Research Paper Example In 2010, this trend was converse to what can be seen in 2011; the company’s current assets declined significantly in 2010 ($ 1,360 million) as compared to the level in the year 2009 ($ 1,534 million). Considering this increase in the current assets of the company, it can be argued that the company is making efforts to bring the current assets level back to what has been maintained in the year 2009. On the other hand, the property and equipment section of the total assets also signified a comparatively larger increase in the year 2011 as compared to the previous years, i.e. the property and equipment increased from $ 4,641 million in 2010 to $ 4,860 million in the year 2011. This increase is attributed to the purchase of new flight equipment by the Jet Blue Airline in 2011 and other equipment. This trend can be seen to be followed from the year 2010 in which the company also purchased the flight equipment, but the increase was not as significant as it has been in the year 2011 (Jet Blue Airline). On the other hand, the equity side of the balance sheet for the three years under consideration shows fewer changes in the year 2010 as compared to the financial year 2009 but there is a significant increase in the total liabilities and equity of the company in the year 2011. The overall increase in the equity and liabilities section of the company is $ 44 million in 2010. The long term liabilities of the company declined from $ 2,920 million in 2009 to $ 2,850 million in 2010. On the other hand, almost every item in current liabilities section showed increase in 2010 apart from the current maturities section, which declined considerably, i.e. $ 384 million in 2009 to $ 183 million in 2010. On the other side, the equity section of the balance sheet showed an increase primarily due to increase in the paid up capital in 2010. Keeping in view the liabilities and equity section of the balance sheet for the financial year 2011, the company showed an

Insomnia, the Trouble of Nights Essay -- Health, Diseases

People do many activities during day time, adults work; students go to school and study; children play games or homemakers stay at home for daily house works, but everyone do something. Even if some activities are enjoyable, easy or funny after all at the end of the day, people need to sleep to rest their bodies. Sleeping time is an indispensible part of human lives which is needed and spent every single day. Human beings need sleeping to forget tiredness of an ending day mentally and also physically, so they can restart another new day. Though people know how sleeping is important, what happens if they cannot sleep? This is the name of disease, insomnia, which means the sleep without poor quantity or quality. There are many types, causes, effects and treatment methods for insomnia that have developed and also have been continuing to search. Nowadays, not to be able to sleep after a hard day makes me think about insomnia more than before. Like many people, I am an insomniac in some periods of my life which caused to choose this topic and I will try to figure out the insomnia by searching with details to solve this problem. (Rosekind, and Gregory 617) According to Rosekind and Gregory, â€Å"Insomnia is a disorder of inadequate sleep (poor quantity or quality) that can result in impairment of daytime function or in emotional distress† (qtd.in NIH and American Psychiatric Association 617). It is possible to classified insomnia in different categories. The first classification is based on sleeping situation of sleep. Sleep-onset insomnia is hard to begin to sleep; sleep-maintenance is getting awake for a long night time and waking up early and cannot sleep again. The second classification is based on time , people who cannot sleep one ... ...y different ways which are simple to apply and without any or less side effects. One of these methods is River Rock Medication which can be applied in everywhere, based on breathe exercising; just are needed two small stones to put under feet during medication. This medication method for five minutes before bed time helps to sleep. (Darling, 302) Another treatment method is AT. AT is an ideal method to treat insomnia which is caused of stress or anxiety and also it is a drug-free method. According to Bowden, â€Å"AT is a psychophysiologic based form of autonomic self-regulation—a structured meditative practice. The patient learns a set of simple meditative exercises, which focus the mind on the body’s experience of relaxation. This leads to a reduction in excessive sympathetic tone and a better balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity† (Bowden, 302)

Physiological Principles for Health and Social Care Essay

The circulatory system is the body’s transport system. It is made up of a group of organs that transport blood throughout the body. The heart pumps the blood and the arteries and veins transport it. Oxygen-rich blood leaves the left side of the heart and enters the biggest artery, called the aorta. The aorta branches into smaller arteries, which then branch into even smaller vessels that travel all over the body. When blood enters the smallest blood vessels, which are calledcapillaries, and are found in body tissue, it gives nutrients and oxygen to the cells and takes in carbon dioxide, water, and waste. The blood, which no longer contains oxygen and nutrients, then goes back to the heart through veins. Veins carry waste products away from cells and bring blood back to the heart , which pumps it to the lungs to pick up oxygen and eliminate waste carbon dioxide. Digestive System The digestive system is made up of organs that break down food into protein, vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, and fats, which the body needs for energy, growth, and repair. After food is chewed and swallowed, it goes down the esophagus and enters the stomach, where it is further broken down by powerful stomach acids. From the stomach the food travels into the small intestine. This is where your food is broken down into nutrients that can enter the bloodstream through tiny hair-like projections. The excess food that the body doesn’t need or can’t digest is turned into waste and is eliminated from the body. Endocrine System The endocrine system is made up of a group of glands that produce the body’s long-distance messengers, or hormones. Hormones are chemicals that control body functions, such as metabolism, growth, and sexual development. The glands, which include the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, thymus gland, pineal body, pancreas, ovaries, and testes, release hormones directly into the bloodstream, which transports the hormones to organs and tissues throughout the body. Immune System The immune system is our body’s defense system against infections and diseases. Organs, tissues, cells, and cell products work together to respond to dangerous organisms (like viruses or bacteria) and substances that may enter the body from the environment. There are three types of response systems in the immune system: the anatomic response, the inflammatory response, and the immune response. The anatomic response physically prevents threatening substances from entering your body. Examples of the anatomic system include the mucous membranes and the skin. If substances do get by, the inflammatory response goes on attack. The inflammatory system works by excreting the invaders from your body. Sneezing, runny noses, and fever are examples of the inflammatory system at work. Sometimes, even though you don’t feel well while it’s happening, your body is fighting illness. When the inflammatory response fails, the immune response goes to work. This is the central part o f the immune system and is made up of white blood cells, which fight infection by gobbling up antigens. About a quarter of white blood cells, called the lymphocytes, migrate to the lymph nodes and produce antibodies, which fight disease. Lymphatic System The lymphatic system is also a defense system for the body. It filters out organisms that cause disease, produces white blood cells, and generates disease-fighting antibodies. It also distributes fluids and nutrients in the body and drains excess fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell. The lymphatic system is made up of a network of vessels that help circulate body fluids. These vessels carry excess fluid away from the spaces between tissues and organs and return it to the bloodstream. Muscular System The muscular system is made up of tissues that work with the skeletal system to control movement of the body. Some muscles—like the ones in your arms and legs—are voluntary, meaning that you decide when to move them. Other muscles, like the ones in your stomach, heart, intestines and other organs, are involuntary. This means that they are controlled automatically by the nervous system and hormones—you often don’t even realize they’re at work. The body is made up of three types of muscle tissue: skeletal, smooth and cardiac. Each of these has the ability to contract and expand, which allows the body to move and function. Skeletal muscles help the body move. Smooth muscles, which are involuntary, are located inside organs, such as the stomach and intestines. Cardiac muscle is found only in the heart. Its motion is involuntary Nervous System The nervous system is made up of the brain, the spinal cord, and nerves. One of the most important systems in your body, the nervous system is your body’s control system. It sends, receives, and processes nerve impulses throughout the body. These nerve impulses tell your muscles and organs what to do and how to respond to the environment. There are three parts of your nervous system that work together: the central nervous system, the peripheral nervous system, and the autonomic nervous system. The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It sends out nerve impulses and analyzes information from the sense organs, which tell your brain about things you see, hear, smell, taste and feel. The peripheral nervous system includes the craniospinal nerves that branch off from the brain and the spinal cord. It carries the nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands. The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary action, such as heart beat and digestion. Reproductive System The reproductive system allows humans to produce children. Sperm from the male fertilizes the female’s egg, or ovum, in the fallopian tube. The fertilized egg travels from the fallopian tube to the uterus, where the fetus develops over a period of nine months. Respiratory System The respiratory system brings air into the body and removes carbon dioxide. It includes the nose, trachea, and lungs. When you breathe in, air enters your nose or mouth and goes down a long tube called the trachea. The trachea branches into two bronchial tubes, or primary bronchi, which go to the lungs. The primary bronchi branch off into even smaller bronchial tubes, or bronchioles. The bronchioles end in the alveoli, or air sacs. Oxygen follows this path and passes through the walls of the air sacs and blood vessels and enters the blood stream. At the same time, carbon dioxide passes into the lungs and is exhaled. Skeletal System The skeletal system is made up of bones, ligaments and tendons. It shapes the body and protects organs. The skeletal system works with the muscular system to help the body move. Marrow, which is soft, fatty tissue that produces red blood cells, many white blood cells, and other immune system cells, is found inside bones. Urinary System The urinary system eliminates waste from the body, in the form of urine. The kidneys remove waste from the blood. The waste combines with water to form urine. From the kidneys, urine travels down two thin tubes called ureters to the bladder. When the bladder is full, urine is discharged through the urethra.

Should Smoking Be Banned - 845 Words

The smoking population in London stands around 1.2 million and with such a significant percentage of this city with the habit, it is unsurprising the ban has caused such wide controversy. Without hesitation, I add my voice to the chorus of non-smokers who think this ban goes too far. However, I am not saying that smoking is in any way good as I am extremely aware of the gruesome health risks and unattractive photos of black lungs and lopsided livers that litter the media. I just ask of you Britain; can’t you be content with how far we have come? We have banned Tobacco advertising and sponsorship, banned smoking in public places like bars and pubs and banned tobacco vending machines. Isn’t that enough? The Trafalgar and Parliament square smoking ban call would be a complete waste of time and resources for the Police. The institution is overstretched as it is without them having to walk around a park trying to spot who is lighting one up. If the ban were to be carried out, how can it even be enforced? The ban covers around 20,000 acres of London so I’m sure tons of smokers will go unnoticed in such a vast amount of space (that is if the police can even be bothered to enforce such ridiculousness anyway). As for tourists, tens of thousands of them from all over the world coming to see a major sightseeing venue like Trafalgar Square means it’s going to be difficult to try and fine them if they speak little or no English at all. Maybe instead of fining them, the Police can carryShow MoreRelatedShould Smoking Be Banned?895 Words   |  4 PagesPeople smoke all over the world. Smoking has been around for many decades. Controlling the usage of smoking depends on the smoker. Believe it or not, the government has a huge part on this. In some countries, smoking in public or enclosed areas is banned. In the United States, the owner of any public place has the right to put a â€Å"No Smoking Area† sign. Unfortunately even with these regulations, the smoker doesn’t realize how smoking can be harmful to them and their surroundings; people are simplyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1672 Words   |  7 Pagesthis is not a choice. This creates the problem of second-hand smoke, which is more harmful than people think. What is worse is that people who inhale second-hand smoke are doing so without consent.Therefore smoking in any public place should be banned.Second-hand smoke is just as harmful as smoking and leads to a higher prevalence of cancer and heart disease. Many people smoke for enjoyment. Enjoyment is what an individual experience when they are having a good time. When an individual is enjoyingRead MoreSmoking Should Be Banned1031 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking is an expensive habit. Smokers’ claim that it helps relax them and relieves stress but there are more negative effects of smoking outweigh the positive effects. Smoking is a health hazard not only for smokers but also for non-smokers. Smokers have the right to choose what to do with their own body and wellbeing but they should respect non-smokers choice to not be subjected to the smoke. Many people believe that there are good and bad outcomes from smoking. I believe that smoking should beRead MoreThe Smoking Should Be Banned860 Words   |  4 Pages On August 31, 2008, Maine made the law for no smoking in cars with children under 18. Warnings were given out until 2009 of September 1st; but starting September 2nd of 2009, fines of fifty dollars would be given out if caug ht by police. The making of this aw, is to limit teenagers with their license to stop smoking in cars. Smoking should be banned in motor vehicles in all states if person is/are over 16 of age. For teens, smoking is a distraction just like talking on the phone or texting whileRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1326 Words   |  6 Pagesbreak. Even though people are well equipped with the knowledge of how unhealthy smoking can be and what can it causes to their hearts and lungs, they still choose to smoke. Nowadays smoking becomes a trend like a social media, and especially teenagers, are participating in this as well. Although smoking makes you a person feel relaxed from the stress, it harms the body of the smokers in the long run. We have known that smoking can kill us from past 50-60 years, and according to the World Health OrganizationRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?2248 Words   |  9 PagesSmoking was first used for medicinal purposes in the early 1600’s. As time conti nued tobacco began to be smoked through pipes and eventually became rolled in paper and tobacco leaves. After smoking started becoming mainstream, people began to think of this as a social way to fit in rather than thinking of the effects it can cause to their bodies. Although the harmful side effects of smoking are now public knowledge, people still continue to smoke. Smoking can cause health issues, not only to thoseRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned Public Smoking?1263 Words   |  6 PagesBanning Public Smoking Do people know that cigarettes are responsible for more causalities each year than from HIV, illegitimate drug use, alcohol related incidents, and automobile calamities combined? It is one of the only permissible products that have been long-established to kill when used as intended. Tobacco usage is the main source of avoidable and premature death and disease worldwide according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Medical studies have shown that smoking not onlyRead MoreShould Smoking Be Banned?1457 Words   |  6 Pagesis that more and more people smoke now than they have in the past. Smoking causes damage not only in the lungs, but also in the body, lips, or inside the mouth. Even though smoking does harm your body there are some good things that come from smoking. Like it can lower the risk of obesity, and knee replacement surgery. There are different types of lung cancer one for smoking and the other, nonsmoking. Although people are smoking, not only are adul ts getting lung cancer, but kids and teens are gettingRead MoreShould Cigarette Smoking Be Banned?1376 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States Surgeon General’s report stated that cigarette smoking is the major single cause of cancer death in the United States. This statement is so true today. Smoking a cigarette is an acquired behavior and that makes it the most preventable cause of death in our society. Cigarettes contain nicotine, tar, and carbon monoxide, as well as formaldehyde, ammonia, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, and DDT. The main ingredient in cigarettes is tobacco. The nicotine in cigarettes is very addictiveRead MoreWhy Smoking Should Be Banned884 Words   |  4 PagesParagraph A. Every wonder why people smoke? Is smoking really healthy for them? How much does it cost an individual to smoke? What are the costs to society when people smoke? These are all questions that can easily be taken care of by banning cigarette smoking. It is really a disgusting sight to see a woman with a cigarette hanging out of her mouth. It is equally bad to see children with smoking cigarettes. B. Cigarette smoking should be banned, not only in restaurants but everywhere. When someone

Wireless Security - 3469 Words

SECURITY OF WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS Introduction Wireless devices, like all technologies that provide external access to corporate networks, present security challenges. With wireless standards and practices still rapidly evolving, it is important to understand the strengths and limitations of available technologies in order to implement a secure solution. Extending current security policies to encompass wireless devices requires an understanding of the security features of both wireless devices and wireless networks. Purpose of the Study The purpose of the study was to assist in the decision whether Lotus Development should extend current security policies to encompass wireless devices. The following are critical security†¦show more content†¦Because of the great diversity of device capabilities, as well as their inherent security limitations, MSD cannot provide security for data stored locally across every device. Instead, MSD provides security for corporate data inside the firewall, by securing it against unauthorized access by wireless devices. In particular, MSD provides administrators with the ability to (Cohen, 1991):  · Associate a specific, authorized user with each mobile device (Trusted Devices).  · Specify what wireless networks can communicate with MSD (Trusted IP Addresses). Trusted Devices MSD s Trusted Devices feature enables administrators both to know what employee is authorized to use each device, and to control the ability of each user or device to access Domino via MSD. For example, if an employee loses his or her mobile device, an administrator can immediately disable the use of that device with MSD, thus eliminating the risk that an impostor will access the network. In addition to Trusted Devices, MSD offers a related security feature called Dynamic Device/User Mapping. It works like this: the first time a user successfully enters a valid Domino HTTP username and password from a properly registered mobileShow MoreRelatedWireless Security : Wireless Network Essay1089 Words   |  5 Pages Wireless Security Overview Wireless networks serve as the transport mechanism between devices and among devices and the traditional wired networks (enterprise networks and the Internet). Wireless networks are many and diverse but are frequently categorized into three groups based on their coverage range: Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWAN), Wireless Local Area Network (WLANs), Wireless Personal Area Network (WPAN )and etc. WWAN includes wide coverage area technologies such as 2G cellular, CellularRead MoreWireless Network Security1602 Words   |  7 PagesPaper CNT4514 Wireless Vulnerabilities The world of wireless networks as we all know is one of the most rapidly growing areas in our world today. With the massive amount of data that is going on, â€Å"the cloud† the security of all of our data is questioned. As well with so many of our day to day tasks relying on our wireless capabilities it make you wonder how safe is it to rely so heavily on something. We have to ask the questions what are the key vulnerabilities of wireless networks and evenRead MoreWireless Security And The Internet1404 Words   |  6 Pagesmost of us use a local wireless network to connect onto the internet. This has become the norm since more and more devices, such as smartphones and tablets, are being introduced into our lives. Protecting a wireless network can be more complicated that a wired network, since wired networks are an A-to-B connection through a cable. Wireless networks broadcast data to every device that happens to be listening. This makes wireless networks much more vulnerab le Wireless Security Protocols - A Brief HistoryRead MoreWireless Network Security : Abstract1520 Words   |  7 Pages Wireless Network Security Abstract This is the study over the wireless network security. As the wireless communication has the different way of physical transport compared to wire environment of communication thus we have to use different measure to secure a network in wireless environment. Wireless networking has more security threats and vulnerabilities and we must have an effectiveRead MoreWireless, The, And, Security, Exploitation1821 Words   |  8 PagesWireless Evil Twin Attack Abstract In Today’s world multiple Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) can coexist in a airspace. Every wireless mobility devices tries to find the access point through probe request using a unique name that is the Service Set Identifier (SSID) of the network to make automatic authentication. As a wireless user you are concerned only with the broadcast SSIDs that let you connect to a WLAN. This paper discusses about the Wireless Mobility devices communication securityRead MoreQuestions On Wireless Network And Security1402 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment-1 MN603 Subject Wireless Network and Security Teacher Biplob Rakshit Ray Name : Loveneet Singh Dhanjal ID: MIT130071 Contents 1) Introduction 3 2) Massive MIMO architectures 3 a. V-BLAST 3 b. Array Architecture 4 3) Uses of massive MIMO to achieve convergence of wireless networks 5 a. Spatial multiplexing 6 b. Pre-coding 6 4) Existing Technologies 6 a. WiMAX 6 b. 3G 6 c. 4G LTE 7 5) Recently proposed techniques in the literature 7 5G 7 6) RelevantRead MoreWireless Home Security System3890 Words   |  16 PagesWireless Home Security System University of Connecticut ECE 290 Spring, 2004 Sponsor: ECE Department, University of Connecticut Advisor: Lei Wang David Crouse (EE) Michael Diaz (EE) Darko Budimir (EE) david.crouse@uconn.edu michael.diaz@uconn.edu darko.budimir@uconn.edu I. ABSTRACT Our group investigated wireless security system design for home use. The target market is composed of lowincome individuals who cannot afford the services of a security company such as ADT. Ideally the sensor nodesRead MoreImplementation of Security for Wireless Network3538 Words   |  15 PagesImplementation of Security for Wireless Network R.Sridevi (Asst.Prof) Department of Computer Science PSG College of Arts amp; Science Coimbatore, TN. srinashok@gmail.com Abstract -This paper addresses the internal and the external security challenges in organizations that implements wireless networks. Distributed security is designed to provide a more secure data communication among faculty members, staff and students. A description of the technique used to protect and keep PC s up andRead MoreEssay about Wireless Network Security3575 Words   |  15 Pages Introduction Wireless networks have grown in popularity. This is largely due to the increase in the value of a network as more users are attached to it. The value added to a network by nature of connecting more devices to it, is summarized in Metcalfs law. Metcalfs law states that if you connect any number, n, of machines - whether computers, phones or even cars - and you get n squared potential value.[1] The incredible growth of the Internet seems to validate Metcalfs law. It thenRead MoreEssay on Wireless Communication Security1804 Words   |  8 PagesWireless Communication Security Abstract In today’s society advances in technology are growing rapidly. Businesses and people are taking full advantage of the improving ways of transmitting data internally and externally. One of the mediums today in transmitting data is via wireless communication systems. It is obvious that this data will need to be secure for many reasons. These will be the questions I will pose in this paper. Will this be a secure means of transmitting data

Ikea Marketing Plan - 8221 Words

IKEA Marketing Plan – Part I Submitted to: John Daly Submitted by: Lindsay Churchman Matthew Holland Jamie Krebs Eveline Man Chris Manellis Chelsea Slade Due Date: February 17, 2011 MRK428MS Internal Environment IKEA current marketing goal and objective The IKEA vision is to create a better life for many people who purchase their products. Their main objectives are: - IKEA produces cheap and affordable products for the customers - The company wants better life for those who cannot afford expensive products - IKEA always helps to produce right product for the right consumer - IKEA always tries to sell their products at low prices - The company’s global developments and its continual commitment is to have a positive impact on people and†¦show more content†¦Sales in billion of euros 30 20 10 0 Sales in billion of euros Human: IKEA employs over 123,000 people worldwide; a decline of 5,000 personnel decline from 2008. In North America there are approximately 15,500 employees. IKEA is bouncing back from the recession and with that new job opportunities are posted everyday on their website. At present they are looking to hire 98 people for varying positions across North America. Human resource retention a strategy for the company to reduce costs and hiring within is encouraged. Experience: IKEA was established almost 70 years ago, and the original founder still participates in some activities. Experience is also derived for the Board of Directors. Relationship with Customers: IKEA truly takes care of their customers, and their customers are brand loyal. Some of the current strategies they have in place to satisfy customers are their services offered in store, like childcare, and also 90-day return policies, and customer service contact information. On the market research website SocialMention.com, IKE A has a 5:1 sentiment rating; this is the ratio of people on social medias that write about the brand in a positive way. Relationship with Suppliers: IKEA has developed a name for building very strong, long-term relationships with its suppliers. It currently works with over 1,400 supplies across the globe. IKEA tends toShow MoreRelatedIkea Marketing Plan3836 Words   |  16 PagesIkea Marketing plan Executive Summary IKEA is one of the world s top furniture retailers, and its International sells home furnishings and other housewares in about 270 stores in 35 countries. To cut transportation costs, IKEA uses flat packaging for most of its furniture; customers assemble the products at home. The company designs its own furniture, which is made by about 1,300 suppliers in more than 50 countries. IKEA s stores feature playrooms for children and value cuisine restaurantsRead MoreIkea Marketing Plan Essay4219 Words   |  17 PagesMARKETING PLAN INTRODUCTION 3 IKEA HISTORY AND ENVIRONMENT 3 IKEA TARGET MARKET 6 BRIEF PRODUCT OVERVIEW 8 COMPETITIVE REVIEW 9 Product Positioning 9 Competitions 9 DISTRIBUTION REVIEW 9 Objective and challenges 11 Challenges 12 SWOT 13 COMPANY MARKETING CARACTERISTICS 13 PRODUCT LINE, BRAND AND SERVICES 16 PRICE 18 Designing Pricing Strategies and Programs 19 PLACE 20 PROMOTION 22 INTEGRATED MARKETING PLAN MIX 24 Budget 24 Control 24 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY IKEARead MoreIkea s Marketing Plan For Ikea1478 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction IKEA is an internationally known home furnishing retailer that has grown rapidly since it was founded in 1943 and is renowned around the world for its Scandinavian style. The majority of IKEA s furniture is flat-pack, ready to be assembled by the consumer that helps in the reduction of costs and packaging. Moreover; IKEA carries a range of 9,500 products, including home furniture and accessories. This wide range of option is available in all IKEA stores and customers can also orderRead MoreIke Strategic And Marketing Planning Essay1003 Words   |  5 PagesIKEA Opens More Click-and-Collect Stores as Customers Move Online An article, written by Saabira Chaudhuri, presents Ikea’s most recent plans to expand their market. The information, released in this article, illustrates both strategic and marketing planning, evident in Ikea’s latest venture. As Michael Levens explains, in our text, â€Å"strategic planning identifies the overall direction of a business†, while â€Å"marketing planning includes those activities devoted to accomplishing marketing objectives†Read MoreSmart Design4671 Words   |  19 PagesSWOT Analysis Competitive Analysis Grid Product-Branding Strategy Marketing Plan 11 Products Distribution (Place) Price Promotion Strategy Sales Process and Sales Tactics Operations Plan 12 Design and Development Plan 13 Management and Personnel 14 Schedule 15 Risks and Overcome 17 Financial Plan 18 Appendix 19 Executive Summary This document will be discussing the different aspects of the business plan for a new startup company which is about creating a unique furnitureRead MoreMarketing Planning2944 Words   |  12 Pagesthe characteristics of the marketing plan. Firstly, it will identify the role and nature of marketing plan. Secondly, it will outlines the structure of the marketing plan. Moreover, the paper will determines the each elements in the marketing plan and the linkage between these elements. Additionally, the two misconceptions will be examined. Last, it will conclude the marketing plan is indispensable to the organizations. Role and Nature of Marketing Plan Marketing plan is a business document thatRead MoreZara Marketing Plan Draft3462 Words   |  14 PagesHigher Diploma in Sales and Marketing – YEAR 3 Marketing Planning ZARA Course code/Class: 21905F/3D Group members: Chan Oi Yee (3) Chan Wing Sum (4) Cheng Jacqualine Wing Chun (5) Chiu Ka Man (9) Fong Ka Man (13) Leung Hoi Yi (22) Lecturer: Ms Cherry Tsui CONTENT INTRODUCTION EXCECUTIVE SUMMARY SITUATION ANALYSIS (PEST) SITUATION ANALYSIS (SWOT) SITUATION ANALYSIS (5 FORCES) OBJECTIVES (SHORT TERM) OBJECTIVES (LONG TERM) OBJECTIVES (PULLBACKS) TARGET MARKET MARKETING STRATEGIES FINANCIAL PLANNINGRead MoreTransnational Strategy3449 Words   |  14 Pagesinvolves a situation where a company tries to achieve maximum local responsiveness in product offering and marketing strategy, which will match different national conditions. This strategy differs from transnational strategy in that the latter looks at the bigger global market trying to take advantage of all the available global factors (Hill Jones, 2008). Under the strategy, production, marketing and research and development activities are established in each national market where the company operatesRead MoreBusiness Plan9238 Words   |  37 PagesMadam, SUBMISSION OF BUSINESS PLAN PROPOSAL (ENT 300) Referring to the subject stated above, we submitted this proposal of our project paper for our ENT 300 subject.This business plan is focusing on doing education service. The name of the service itself explains the tuition service that we offer. 2. We had put our best commitment to complete this business plan according to the guidelines and requirements given according to our subject syllabus. This business plan is constructed to serve as a blueprintRead MoreMarketing Audit Approach - Ikea1571 Words   |  7 PagesMarketing Audit Approach - IKEA Marketing Audit Overview â€Å"What is a marketing audit? Quite simply, it is a detailed analysis of the elements that constitute or influence a company’s efforts to profitably market its products- today and in future when both market and products may undergo radical change† ( John, Alexander, Theodore, 1969). The marketing audit helps to understand the fundamentals of a company’s marketing planning process. Auditing is not only conducted not only at the planning

Difference Between Critical Analysis and Analytical Thinking Free Essays

When you really want to reflect and put your points across, it’s said that you have to speak through your mind but from your heart with what you have lived and experienced. In this piece, I am going to use real life issues and experiences to help put forth my genuine reflections on the different ways of thinking analytical, critical and strategic. To start with, I would like to discuss the latest and prominent issue in Mumbai, whether it should be called Mumbai or Bombay. We will write a custom essay sample on Difference Between Critical Analysis and Analytical Thinking or any similar topic only for you Order Now There was this debate going around in the class and one of my peers analyzed that it should be called Bombay because 80% people in Mumbai want to call it by that name. Then he also corroborated this by linking it with one of the newspaper and saying that it has stated that 65% of the public want to call this city Bombay and not Mumbai. He also conducted his survey and collected data of people from various parts of the city, the South Mumbai, the Central Mumbai and the North Mumbai. He later analyzed the question on the data collected and concluded that indeed people of this city want to call it by its colonial name Bombay. He was indeed very right because he had broken down this problem and had made all effort to reach every corner of the city for the survey. His survey number too indicated the same and with the help of analytical thinking, he convinced that people want to call this city Bombay. Thus the beauty of analytical thinking is that with the data and figure well in placed you can possibly prove anything without anyone even questioning it. However I was born in Mumbai knew this city in and out and decided to find the answer to the same problem but critically. More than numbers and figures, I relied more on my knowledge and experiences of this beautiful city. Therefore, I too conducted a similar but asked one more question, Why do they want to call Mumbai as Bombay? And the answer was surprising. They wanted to call it Mumbai but as the name of Mumbai was Bombay in the business circle, they wanted it to named Bombay. Moreover, the survey conducted by my friend was done in commercial areas of the South, central and North Mumbai. Where majority of the people come from other cities and have no knowledge and understanding of the local feelings. So the analytical thinking over here clearly missed out the local feeling of the people as well as the understanding of the complex community. I have mentioned the above experience because I want to bring forth the major difference between analytical and critical thinking. While analytical thinking did prove and gave an answer to the above question and even looked more credible because of the numbers, it failed to include local feeling and knowledge of the local area. This is one of the major differences between analytical and critical thinking. While analytical thinking segregates the problem into many areas and tries to back it up with figures, critical thinking uses the knowledge and experience and put them into logical thinking to formulate an answer. As far as strategic thinking is concern, I am still trying to define the meaning and the closer I am defining it the farther it goes. It’s like debating whether GOD exist or not. GOD is there we believe, but on experiences and intuitions. We cannot see Him but still feel He’s there. Similarly, strategic thinking eludes its definite existence but is always there. You can call it a plan of actions designed to achieve a particular goal. This plan of action is implemented by considering and weighing several facets and views. Your knowledge and most importantly your understanding and application is of uttermost importance for strategic thinking. After these prerequisites comes the analysis and synthesis of these prerequisites keeping the importance of all possible view and possibilities open. Hence, strategic thinking never has a definite answer or solution. Its all about selecting the best possibility. So even If I do manage to come out with a winning strategy other might ridicule it simply because they might look at it from different angle. So more you are ridiculed or castigated the better will be your strategic thinking. Today leadership is like a soul trapped between his internal consciousness and external realities. The soul can choose infinite possibilities but yet have to select a very few. Moreover, whatever he does should be such that it takes the side that benefits the all. In today world, a leadership would be difficult to sustain without keeping all the three things like financial, social and environmental aspects. And to keep this leadership has to inculcate power with ethics for any sort of sustainability. Leadership can be short-lived if one doesn’t compromise on some of the ethics at the same time would be dangerous if he follows none. So it has t o have it only to the point of sustainability. When an enlightened one writes a poem thousands read it. However, each one of them perceives it in a way they want to and this depends on their own life experiences and knowledge. Similarly, I use to perceive the World in a way I have seen it with my eyes and observed. But to really understand you need to perceive it through the eyes of many others and that is one thing that I have learned from this edifying experience of the last two weeks. Today when I am leading, I am open to infinite possibilities and views. I am trying to use the five why technique in my mind to reach out to the possible root cause.. Then the model that I am trying to work is to use critical thinking first and then use analytical thinking to corroborate the findings of the critical thinking. This I feel would help counter the limitations of the analytical thinking and at the same time will help foster the critical thinking results. How to cite Difference Between Critical Analysis and Analytical Thinking, Papers

Psychology in Marketing free essay sample

Before we begin, a definition of what consumer psychology is and what it means will be given. â€Å"The term consumer psychology refers to the study of how people relate to the goods and services they use in their daily lives. Also known as the study of consumer behavior, consumer psychology provides opportunities to examine issues such as what factors are most important when people decide to purchase a particular item, how customers determine the value of service, and whether or not television and magazine advertisements can convince a reluctant consumer to try a new product for the first time† (Hinders, 2010). Consumer psychology plays such a major role in marketing, advertising, economics and social and cognitive psychology. Consumer psychology is such an intricate part of marketing and the economy that the International Association for Research in Economic Psychology (IAREP) and the Society for the Advancement of Behavioral Economics (SABE) has an annual conference. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology in Marketing or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The annual conference is designed to discuss the scientific basis of the economic decision making process of humans and the complex needs and shortages as well (Kirchler Hoelzl, 2006). Various concepts develop from these psychological meetings that many strategists utilize in the advertising of their product. A commonly used concept is the marketing concept and an extension of this concept is green and social marketing. The fundamental approach in the marketing concept is that the â€Å"marketer should pay attention to the customers’ needs and wants in order to achieve and maintain successful business relationships†(Vazifehdust, Taghipourian, Gharib, 2011). While that may be were the consumer psychology began, it has transformed in its design to influence how the customer feel and to determine for them. To not necessarily consider the consumer wants, but to make them believe that they need the product. Green marketing takes advantage of customers’ willingness to purchase, and sometimes pay a premium for, products that provide private benefits as well as public environmental benefits. John B. Watson was a consumer psychologist. He suggested that his ad for the Johnson Johnson’s baby powder play on the anxiety and insecurities of new mothers. This was a start of recognizing how one could affect the emotional appeal and affect a consumer’s way of thinking about a product to purchase. His technique of recognizing the emotional appeal of advertising remains a cornerstone of consumer psychology today† (Hinders, 2010). While consumer psychology plays a major role in marketing, it is constantly evolving. It in design is what makes a consumer thinks he needs and wants. It is to make the consumer feel good about the purchase and that both parties walk away feeling fulfilled. It has gone from asking the customer or consumer what he wants, but focuses on what the market believes he should purchase or own. References Hinders, D. 2010, May). What is Consumer Psychology? Retrieved from http://wisegeek. com/what-is-consumer-psychology. htm Kirchler, E. , Hoelzl, E. (2006). Twenty-five years of the Journal of Economics Psychology (1981-2005): A report on the development of an interdisclinary field of research. Journal of Economic Psychology, 27(32), 793-804. Vazifehdust, H. , Taghipourian, M. J. , Gharib, Z. (2011, November). Social Marketing, Green Marketing: The Extension of Marketing Concept. European Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 1450-2775(41), 42 -57.

All Quiet On The Western Front Essays (3304 words) -

All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel set in World War I, centers around the changes wrought by the war on one young German soldier. During his time in the war, Remarque's protagonist, Paul Baumer, changes from a rather innocent Romantic to a hardened and somewhat caustic veteran. More importantly, during the course of this metamorphosis, Baumer disaffiliates himself from those societal icons?parents, elders, school, religion?that had been the foundation of his pre-enlistment days. This rejection comes about as a result of Baumer's realization that the pre-enlistment society simply does not understand the reality of the Great War. His new society, then, becomes the Company, his fellow trench soldiers, because that is a group which does understand the truth as Baumer has experienced it. Remarque demonstrates Baumer's disaffiliation from the traditional by emphasizing the language of Baumer's pre- and post-enlistment societies. Baumer either can not, or chooses not to, communicate truthfully with those representatives of his pre-enlistment and innocent days. Further, he is repulsed by the banal and meaningless language that is used by members of that society. As he becomes alienated from his former, traditional, society, Baumer simultaneously is able to communicate effectively only with his military comrades. Since the novel is told from the first person point of view, the reader can see how the words Baumer speaks are at variance with his true feelings. In his preface to the novel, Remarque maintains that "a generation of men ... were destroyed by the war" (Remarque, All Quiet Preface). Indeed, in All Quiet on the Western Front, the meaning of language itself is, to a great extent, destroyed. Early in the novel, Baumer notes how his elders had been facile with words prior to his enlistment. Specifically, teachers and parents had used words, passionately at times, to persuade him and other young men to enlist in the war effort. After relating the tale of a teacher who exhorted his students to enlist, Baumer states that "teachers always carry their feelings ready in their waistcoat pockets, and trot them out by the hour" (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Baumer admits that he, and others, were fooled by this rhetorical trickery. Parents, too, were not averse to using words to shame their sons into enlisting. "At that time even one's parents were ready with the word ?coward'" (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Remembering those days, Baumer asserts that, as a result of his war experiences, he has learned how shallow the use of these words was. Indeed, early in his enlistment, Baumer comprehends that although authority figures taught that duty to one's country is the greatest thing, we already knew that death-throes are stronger. But for all that, we were no mutineers, no deserters, no cowards?they were very free with these expressions. We loved our country as much as they; we went courageously into every action; but also we distinguished the false from true, we had suddenly learned to see. (Remarque, All Quiet I. 17) What Baumer and his comrades have learned is that the words and expressions used by the pillars of society do not reflect the reality of war and of one's participation in it. As the novel progresses, Baumer himself uses words in a similarly false fashion. A number of instances of Baumer's own misuse of language occur during an important episode in the novel?a period of leave when he visits his home town. This leave is disastrous for Baumer because he realizes that he can not communicate with the people on the home front because of his military experiences and their limited, or nonexistent, understanding of the war. When he first enters his house, for example, Baumer is overwhelmed at being home. His joy and relief are such that he cannot speak; he can only weep (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 140). When he and his mother greet each other, he realizes immediately that he has nothing to say to her: "We say very little and I am thankful that she asks nothing" (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 141). But finally she does speak to him and asks, "'Was it very bad out there, Paul?'" (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 143). Here, when he answers, he lies, ostensibly to

Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Example

Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Example Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay For my mathematics coursework I have been given the task of finding the differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world. To my aide I shall have the World Factbook Data which was given to me by my maths teacher. The World Factbook Data contains the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita; this is the economic value of all the goods and services produced by an economy over a specified period. It includes consumption, government purchases, investments, and exports minus imports. This is probably the best indicator of the economic health of a country. It is usually measured annually. Another thing the data contains is the Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy is called the average life span or mean life span, in this case of the countries or continents. This informs me of the average age a person in the specified country is likely to like to. Using this data I shall try to prove hypotheses that I shall personally predict before carrying out the investigation. For my investigation I shall be using varieties of different ways to presenting my data and results. I shall use graphs, charts as well as tables to make the data easier to read and understand for the reader. This would enable me also to keep organised and follow what I have to do. To develop my work I shall use very reliable as well as advanced methods to prove my hypotheses. These shall consist of Spearmans rank correlation coefficient, box plots, standard deviation aswell as histograms. Bearing my hypotheses in mind, I think that it would be they are irrelevant to my hypotheses and I shall gain no evidence or support from them inappropriate for me to use averages such as the mode or the range as I feel. My Hypotheses : I have chosen two hypotheses. My first Hypotheses is linked directly to my task whereas my second hypotheses is an extension task to develop my work. My hypotheses consist of: * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Method I shall acquire a systematically method. This will enable my work to be organised and easy to read. First, and foremost, I shall gather all the data that is presented before me. As my hypotheses are based on worldwide data I believe it is essential for me to use all the data. Once I have obtained the data I shall extract the data that will be used for my investigation. For this I shall use the stratified sampling method. This method is chosen because it is a fair and unbiased method. Also stratified sampling would give me an even spread of the whole continent, not compromise of the highest or lowest sets of data (as this would give me inaccurate results of the continents). Once obtaining the data specified I shall then separately, for each continent, put the data onto a table. I have chosen not to opt for putting the data in one big table, although my hypotheses are both related to worldwide information not separate continents, as this would narrow my results. Another advantage of putting the data onto separate tables for each continent is that I can then see which countries and continents prove my hypotheses and which countries and continents go against my hypotheses. After having my data separated into continents I shall first draw a scatter graph for each continent. This is to get me started and show me how spread out the data roughly is. Stratified Random Sampling Since it is generally impossible to study the entire population (every country in every continent) I must rely on sampling to acquire a section of the continent to perform my investigation. I believe it is important that the group selected be representative of the continent, and not biased in a systematic manner. For example, a group comprised of the wealthiest countries in a given continent probably would not accurately reflect the opinions of the entire continent. For this reason I have employed stratified random sampling to achieve an unbiased sample. Using this method shall: a) Give me the estimates of the countries needed for each continent b) Make selecting the data fair, as there will be no biasness. c) Give me a more accurate result. Firstly I used stratified sampling to find the number of countries needed from each continent, for my investigation. I deployed the formula: Number of countries in continent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60 Total number of countries in The World Factbook Database I multiplied the answer by sixty because that is the number that I wish to reduce the data to. I believe sixty to be the right number as it is not too big or too small and I am capable of working with that number. Results: Asia: 54/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=14 Africa: 57/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=15 Europe: 48/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=12 Oceania: 25/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=6 North America: 37/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=9 South America: 14/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=4 I then randomly selected the amount presented to me for each continent. I put the countries and their given data in a graph. In some cases I had to randomly reselect a country as the previously selected country didnt have sufficient data for me to include it in my investigation. Also for Cyprus I had to add both the Greek Cypriot area and the Turkish Cypriot area to give me the totals for the GDP-per capita for Cyprus. Data Tables Asia Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Afghanistan 700 42.27 42.66 42.46 Bangladesh 1,900 74.37 80.02 61.71 Cyprus 24,800 75.11 79.92 77.46 Gaza Strip 600 70.31 72.94 71.59 Jordan 9,000 75.59 80.69 78.06 Malaysia 4,300 69.29 74.81 71.95 Maldives 3,900 62.41 65.01 63.68 Mongolia 1,800 61.97 66.48 64.17 Oman 13,100 70.66 75.16 72.85 Qatar 3,300 70.90 76.04 69.71 Saudi Arabia 21,500 73.26 77.30 73.40 Syria 11,800 68.47 71.02 75.23 United Arab Emirates 23,200 72.51 77.60 74.99 West Bank 800 71.14 74.72 72.88 Mean 8,621 68.45 72.46 69.30 Data Tables Africa Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Burundi 600 42.73 44.00 43.36 Cape Verde 1,400 66.83 73.54 70.14 Cote dIvoire 1,400 40.27 44.76 42.48 Egypt 4,000 68.22 73.31 70.71 Gabon 5,500 54.85 58.12 56.46 Liberia 1,000 46.90 48.99 47.93 Libya 6,400 74.10 78.58 76.28 Madagascar 800 54.19 58.96 56.54 Morocco 4,000 68.06 72.74 70.35 Mozambique 1,200 37.83 36.34 37.10 Niger 800 42.38 41.97 42.18 South Africa 10,700 44.39 43.98 44.19 Sudan 1,900 56.96 59.36 58.13 Swaziland 4,900 39.10 35.94 37.54 Zambia 800 35.19 35.17 35.18 Mean 3,027 51.47 53.72 52.57 Data Tables Europe Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Belarus 6,100 62.79 74.65 68.57 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,100 69.82 75.51 72.57 Faroe Islands 22,000 75.60 82.51 79.05 Finland 27,400 74.73 81.89 78.24 Guernsey 20,000 77.17 83.27 80.17 Macedonia 6,700 72.45 77.20 74.73 Malta 17,700 76.51 80.98 78.68 Man, Isle of 21,000 74.80 81.70 78.16 Norway 37,800 76.64 82.01 79.25 Portugal 18,000 74.06 80.85 77.35 Slovakia 13,300 70.21 78.37 74.19 Sweden 26,800 78.12 82.62 80.30 Mean 18,575 73.58 80.13 76.77 Data Tables Oceania Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) American Samoa 8,000 72.05 79.41 75.62 Australia 29,000 77.40 83.27 80.26 French Polynesia 17,500 73.29 78.18 75.67 Palau 9,000 66.67 73.15 69.82 Papua New Guinea 2,200 62.41 66.81 64.56 Vanuatu 2,900 60.64 63.63 62.10 Mean 11,433 68.74 74.08 71.34 Data Tables North America Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Anguilla 8,600 73.99 79.91 76.90 Aruba 28,000 75.64 82.49 78.98 Belize 4,900 65.11 69.86 67.43 Costa Rica 9,100 74.07 79.33 76.63 Dominica 5,400 71.48 77.43 74.38 El Salvador 4,800 67.31 74.70 70.92 Netherlands Antilles 11,400 73.37 77.95 75.60 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2,900 71.54 75.21 73.35 Trinidad and Tobago 9,500 66.86 71.82 69.28 Mean 9,400 71.04 76.52 73.72 Data Tables South America Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Argentina 11,200 71.95 79.65 75.70 Guyana 4,000 60.12 64.84 62.43 Suriname 4,000 66.77 71.55 69.10 Venezuela 4,800 71.02 77.32 74.06 Mean 6,000 67.47 73.34 70.32 Data Table Result * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Summary Continent Mean GDP per capita ($) Mean Male Life Expectancy Mean Female Life Expectancy Mean Population Life Expectancy (years) Europe 18,575 73.58 80.13 76.77 Oceania 11,433 68.74 74.08 71.34 North America 9,400 71.04 76.52 73.72 Asia 8,621 68.45 72.46 69.30 South America 6,000 67.47 73.34 70.32 Africa 3,027 51.47 53.72 52.57 Worldwide 9,509 66.79 71.71 69.00 Hypotheses 1 This data supports my first Hypotheses that wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. This is seen because the higher a continents mean GDP per capita the higher its mean Population Life Expectancy has been. This is with the exception of South America. This goes against my hypotheses. This does not prove my hypotheses incorrect as I need more sufficient evidence. Hypotheses 2 This hypothesis has already been proven correct because on in every continent the mean Male Life Expectancy is always lower then the mean Female Life Expectancy. Scatter Graphs A scatter graph is a graphical summary of bivariate data (two variables X and Y), usually drawn before working out a linear correlation coefficient or fitting a regression line. In scatter graphs every observation is presented as a point in (X,Y)-cordinate system. The resulting pattern indicates the type and strength of the relationship between the two variables. A scattergraph will show up a linear or non-linear relationship between the two variables and whether or not there exist any outliers in the data. Scatter graph is a graph made by plotting ordered pairs in a coordinate plane to show the correlation between two sets of data. The reason for me choosing the scatter graph as a way of displaying my data is because the scatter graph is easy to read and understand. Also you can visibly see the correlation which is not possible with other methods. Reading a scatter graph: * A scatter graph describes a positive trend if, as one set of values increases, the other set tends to increase. * A scatter graph describes a negative trend if, as one set of values increases, the other set tends to decrease. * A scatter graph shows no trend if the ordered pairs show no correlation. Interpreting a Scatter graph High positive correlation Perfect positive Low correlation Perfect positive High positive correlation High negative correlation Scatter Graphs Asia Scatter Graphs Africa Scatter Graphs Europe Scatter Graphs Oceania Scatter Graphs North America Scatter Graphs South America Scatter Graph Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Only hypotheses one was attempted with this data as hypothesis two could not be preformed with this graph. It would have had no extra information and would have been too time consuming. Hypotheses 1 This data shows the data table in a visual form. Personally, it is easier to see that continents that have less GDP capita also have a lower life expectancy. The most visible are the countries that have been circled around. These countries are a lot worse then the rest of the countries. These countries can actually be seen to be totally different compared to the rest of the world. Histograms In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies. That is, a histogram is the graphical version of a table which shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several or many specified categories. The categories are usually specified as non overlapping intervals of some variable. .Histogram is a specialized type of bar chart. Individual data points are grouped together in classes, so that you can get an idea of how frequently data in each class occur in the data set. High bars indicate more frequency in a class, and low bars indicate fewer frequency. One of the main reasons for me choosing histograms is because it provides an easy-to-read picture of the location and variation in a data set. The histogram is another way of visually displaying your data. This makes it more appealing than a set of tables. Interpreting Histograms If the columns in a histogram are all the same width then you can compare the frequencies of the class by comparing the heights of the columns. The column with the largest area indicates the modal class. The height of a column is like averaging out the frequency over all the values in the class. Height = Frequency Class interval The taller the column is the greater the average frequency for the values in that class is. Histograms Asia Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 41-50 1 45.5 0.11 51-60 0 55.5 0.00 61-70 4 65.5 0.44 71-80 9 75.5 1.00 Total 14 1.56 Histograms Africa Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 31-40 3 35.5 0.33 41-50 5 45.5 0.56 51-60 3 55.5 0.33 61-70 0 65.5 0.00 71-80 4 75.5 0.44 Total 15 1.67 Histograms Europe Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 1 65.5 0.11 71-80 9 75.5 1.00 81-90 2 85.5 0.22 Total 12 1.33 Histograms Oceania Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 3 65.5 0.33 71-80 2 75.5 0.22 81-90 1 85.5 0.11 Total 6 0.67 Histograms North America Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 2 65.5 0.22 71-80 7 75.5 0.78 Total 9 1.00 Histograms South America Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 2 65.5 0.22 71-80 2 75.5 0.22 Total 4 0.44 Histogram Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 31-40 3 35.5 0.33 41-50 6 45.5 0.67 51-60 3 55.5 0.33 61-70 12 65.5 1.33 71-80 33 75.5 3.67 81-90 3 85.5 0.33 Total 60 6.67 This was extended work to give me more information indirectly concerning hypotheses one. This data shows me that the modal group for population life expectancy worldwide is the 71-80 age range. Unsurprisingly the economically worst off continent, Africa, was the only continents to have any country with a Population Life Expectancy of below 40. On the other hand Asia, not being the second worst economically continent, alongside with Africa, had countries with Life Expectancy lower then 60. To summarise so far in my investigations only South America has not fitted in with my first hypotheses. Standard Deviation Standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is a measure of the degree of dispersion of the data from the mean value. It is simply the average or expected variation around an average. Standard deviation would show me how spread out the values in the sets of data are. It is defined as the square root of the variance. This means it is the root mean square (RMS) deviation from the average. It is defined this way in order to give us a measure of dispersion that is: I have chosen this method because although the scatter graph and histograms do show population distribution they do not give a precise and exact answer. This can easily be obtained by using standard deviation. * A non-negative number, and * Has the same units as the data. Interpreting Standard deviation Interpreting standard deviation is quite easy to read. A large standard deviation indicates that the data points are far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean. In this case 0.9 is a large standard deviation and 0.1 is a small standard deviation. The formula for standard deviation is; ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½xà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ -x à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ V ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Standard Deviation Asia Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.27 68.45 -26.18 685.24 74.37 68.45 5.92 35.08 75.11 68.45 6.66 44.39 70.31 68.45 1.86 3.47 75.59 68.45 7.14 51.02 69.29 68.45 0.84 0.71 62.41 68.45 -6.04 36.45 61.97 68.45 -6.48 41.95 70.66 68.45 2.21 4.90 70.90 68.45 2.45 6.02 73.26 68.45 4.81 23.16 68.47 68.45 0.02 0.00 72.51 68.45 4.06 16.51 71.14 68.45 2.69 7.25 Variance 68.30 Standard Deviation 8.26 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.66 72.46 -29.80 887.74 80.02 72.46 7.57 57.23 79.92 72.46 7.47 55.73 72.94 72.46 0.48 0.24 80.69 72.46 8.24 67.82 74.81 72.46 2.36 5.55 65.01 72.46 -7.44 55.43 66.48 72.46 -5.97 35.70 75.16 72.46 2.71 7.32 76.04 72.46 3.59 12.85 77.30 72.46 4.85 23.47 71.02 72.46 -1.44 2.06 77.60 72.46 5.15 26.47 74.72 72.46 2.27 5.13 Variance 88.77 Standard Deviation 9.42 Standard Deviation Asia Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.46 69.30 -26.84 720.16 61.71 69.30 -7.59 57.54 77.46 69.30 8.16 66.66 71.59 69.30 2.29 5.26 78.06 69.30 8.76 76.81 71.95 69.30 2.65 7.05 63.68 69.30 -5.62 31.54 64.17 69.30 -5.13 26.27 72.85 69.30 3.55 12.63 69.71 69.30 0.41 0.17 73.40 69.30 4.10 16.85 75.23 69.30 5.93 35.22 74.99 69.30 5.69 32.42 72.88 69.30 3.58 12.85 Variance 78.67 Standard Deviation 8.87 Standard Deviation Africa Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.73 51.47 -8.74 76.33 66.83 51.47 15.36 236.03 40.27 51.47 -11.20 125.37 68.22 51.47 16.75 280.67 54.85 51.47 3.38 11.45 46.90 51.47 -4.57 20.85 74.10 51.47 22.63 512.27 54.19 51.47 2.72 7.42 68.06 51.47 16.59 275.34 37.83 51.47 -13.64 185.96 42.38 51.47 -9.09 82.57 44.39 51.47 -7.08 50.08 56.96 51.47 5.49 30.18 39.10 51.47 -12.37 152.93 35.19 51.47 -16.28 264.93 Variance 154.16 Standard Deviation 12.42 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 44.00 53.72 -9.72 94.43 73.54 53.72 19.82 392.94 44.76 53.72 -8.96 80.23 73.31 53.72 19.59 383.87 58.12 53.72 4.40 19.38 48.99 53.72 -4.73 22.35 78.58 53.72 24.86 618.15 58.96 53.72 5.24 27.49 72.74 53.72 19.02 361.86 36.34 53.72 -17.38 301.97 41.97 53.72 -11.75 138.00 43.98 53.72 -9.74 94.82 59.36 53.72 5.64 31.84 35.94 53.72 -17.78 316.03 35.17 53.72 -18.55 344.00 Variance 215.16 Standard Deviation 14.67 Standard Deviation Africa Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 43.36 52.57 -9.21 84.85 70.14 52.57 17.57 308.66 42.48 52.57 -10.09 101.84 70.71 52.57 18.14 329.01 56.46 52.57 3.89 15.12 47.93 52.57 -4.64 21.54 76.28 52.57 23.71 562.10 56.54 52.57 3.97 15.75 70.35 52.57 17.78 316.08 37.10 52.57 -15.47 239.36 42.18 52.57 -10.39 107.98 44.19 52.57 -8.38 70.25 58.13 52.57 5.56 30.90 37.54 52.57 -15.03 225.94 35.18 52.57 -17.39 302.46 Variance 182.12 Standard Deviation 13.50 Standard Deviation Europe Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 62.79 73.58 -10.79 116.32 69.82 73.58 -3.76 14.10 75.60 73.58 2.02 4.10 74.73 73.58 1.16 1.33 77.17 73.58 3.60 12.92 72.45 73.58 -1.13 1.27 76.51 73.58 2.94 8.61 74.80 73.58 1.22 1.50 76.64 73.58 3.07 9.39 74.06 73.58 0.48 0.24 70.21 73.58 -3.37 11.32 78.12 73.58 4.55 20.66 Variance 16.81 Standard Deviation 4.10 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 74.65 80.13 -5.48 30.03 75.51 80.13 -4.62 21.34 82.51 80.13 2.38 5.66 81.89 80.13 1.76 3.10 83.27 80.13 3.14 9.86 77.20 80.13 -2.93 8.58 80.98 80.13 0.85 0.72 81.70 80.13 1.57 2.46 82.01 80.13 1.88 3.53 80.85 80.13 0.72 0.52 78.37 80.13 -1.76 3.10 82.62 80.13 2.49 6.20 Variance 7.93 Standard Deviation 2.82 Standard Deviation Europe Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 68.57 76.77 -8.20 67.27 72.57 76.77 -4.20 17.65 79.05 76.77 2.28 5.19 78.24 76.77 1.47 2.16 80.17 76.77 3.40 11.55 74.73 76.77 -2.04 4.17 78.68 76.77 1.91 3.64 78.16 76.77 1.39 1.93 79.25 76.77 2.48 6.14 77.35 76.77 0.58 0.33 74.19 76.77 -2.58 6.67 80.30 76.77 3.53 12.45 Variance 11.60 Standard Deviation 3.41 Standard Deviation Oceania Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 72.05 68.74 3.31 10.93 77.40 68.74 8.66 74.94 73.29 68.74 4.55 20.67 66.67 68.74 -2.07 4.30 62.41 68.74 -6.33 40.11 60.64 68.74 -8.10 65.66 Variance 36.10 Standard Deviation 6.01 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.41 74.08 5.33 28.46 83.27 74.08 9.19 84.55 78.18 74.08 4.11 16.85 73.15 74.08 -0.92 0.86 66.81 74.08 -7.27 52.78 63.63 74.08 -10.45 109.10 Variance 48.77 Standard Deviation 6.98 Standard Deviation Oceania Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 75.62 71.34 4.28 18.33 80.26 71.34 8.92 79.60 75.67 71.34 4.33 18.76 69.82 71.34 -1.52 2.31 64.56 71.34 -6.78 45.95 62.10 71.34 -9.24 85.35 Variance 41.72 Standard Deviation 6.46 Standard Deviation North America Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 73.99 71.04 2.95 8.70 75.64 71.04 4.60 21.15 65.11 71.04 -5.93 35.18 74.07 71.04 3.03 9.17 71.48 71.04 0.44 0.19 67.31 71.04 -3.73 13.92 73.37 71.04 2.33 5.42 71.54 71.04 0.50 0.25 66.86 71.04 -4.18 17.48 Variance 12.39 Standard Deviation 3.52 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.91 76.52 3.39 11.48 82.49 76.52 5.97 35.61 69.86 76.52 -6.66 44.39 79.33 76.52 2.81 7.88 77.43 76.52 0.91 0.82 74.70 76.52 -1.82 3.32 77.95 76.52 1.43 2.04 75.21 76.52 -1.31 1.72 71.82 76.52 -4.70 22.11 Variance 14.38 Standard Deviation 3.79 Standard Deviation North America Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76.90 73.72 3.18 10.12 78.98 73.72 5.26 27.68 67.43 73.72 -6.29 39.55 76.63 73.72 2.91 8.47 74.38 73.72 0.66 0.44 70.92 73.72 -2.80 7.83 75.60 73.72 1.88 3.54 73.35 73.72 -0.37 0.14 69.28 73.72 -4.44 19.70 Variance 13.05 Standard Deviation 3.61 Standard Deviation South America Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 71.95 67.47 4.49 20.12 60.12 67.47 -7.34 53.95 66.77 67.47 -0.69 0.48 71.02 67.47 3.56 12.64 Variance 21.80 Standard Deviation 4.67 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.65 73.34 6.31 39.82 64.84 73.34 -8.50 72.25 71.55 73.34 -1.79 3.20 77.32 73.34 3.98 15.84 Variance 32.78 Standard Deviation 5.73 Standard Deviation South America Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 75.70 70.32 5.38 28.92 62.43 70.32 -7.89 62.29 69.10 70.32 -1.22 1.49 74.06 70.32 3.74 13.97 Variance 26.67 Standard Deviation 5.16 Standard Deviation Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Continents Asia Africa Europe Oceania North America South America Male Life Expectancy 8.26 12.42 4.10 6.01 3.52 4.67 Female Life Expectancy 9.42 14.67 2.82 6.98 3.79 5.73 Population Life Expectancy 8.87 13.50 3.41 6.46 3.61 5.16 Hypotheses 1 This data does mainly concentrate on Hypotheses two but it can also be relevant to Hypotheses one as well. The continent with the highest GDP- per capita, Europe is also the continent which on average is closer to its mean then any other country. Also the continent with the lowest GDP- per capita, Africa is also the continent which on average is furthest away from its mean then any other continent. Hypotheses 2 This data proves that females have longer Life Expectancy then males, without a doubt. The females live so longer that they are further away from the mean then the males. This is because females are above the mean for each and every continent, unlike the males who are always below the mean. This table can be misleading in the concept that it seems as if men in Europe have a Longer Life Expectancy then women in Europe. This is not true. The fact is that both men and women have high Life Expectancy in Europe; (with the women averaging higher then the men again).This results leads to a high Population Life Expectancy which is close to both of them. In this case the women are closer to it, but they still contain a higher Life Expectancy. Spearmans Rank Correlation Spearmans rank correlation is used to compare two given sets of data. You use the formula p = 1- 6?dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n(nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-1) d is the difference between the GDP-per capita and Population life expectancy. n is the number of countries in the specified continent. To work out the value of p for the results of the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy you add another two rows to the table. The first row is for the value of d (difference) and the second row is for the value of dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (differenceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½). Interpreting Spearmans rank correlation The value of p will always be between -1 and +1. ________________________________________________________________________ -1 0 1 If the value of p is close to 0 there is almost no correlation. If the value of p is close to -1 there is strong negative correlation. If the value of p is close to -0.5 there is weak negative correlation. If the value of p is close to 1 there is strong positive correlation. If the value of p is close to 0.5 there is weak positive correlation. Spearmans Rank Correlation Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. The Spearmans rank correlation tables show the following results about the correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of a continent: Continent Results Correlation between GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of continent Asia. 0.7010989 Medium positive correlation Africa 0.499452321 Weak positive correlation Europe 0.8023324 Strong positive correlation Oceania 0.8857143 Strong positive correlation North America 0.55 Weak positive correlation South America 0.50 Weak positive correlation Looking at my data it is visible that all the continents have positive correlation. This proves my hypotheses, that all the continents have a positive correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of a continent. The accuracy of my hypotheses can be further developed. Instead of saying that there is a positive correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy worldwide, I could further develop this. Looking at my data I can tell the strength of the correlation of each specific continent. Strong Accuracy Intermediate Accuracy Weak Accuracy Europe Asia. North America Oceania South America Africa Conclusion * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. My first hypothesis was proven correct. I realised that the continent do contain a correlation between the wealth and life expectancy of a continent. However for most of my data South America did seem to be an exception. I believe this to be because of the size of data for this continent. Although stratified random sampling was accurate it did not work in these circumstances. Another method I could have used was to give each continent the same number of countries to represent it. Only four countries were chosen for South America, I do not think that this was a sufficient enough number to represent a whole continent. I say this because I believe that the chosen method was mainly all about luck, which countries are chosen to represent a continent. This would give a biased reading. To overcome this problem I would definitely have to increase my data. For this reason I think that although my hypotheses was correct and if I was to try the same investigation again with a data size of seventy instead of sixty my hypotheses would be more successful as well as more accurate. For my second hypotheses there were no such problems. My hypothesis was not one hundred percent accurate because as always there were a few exceptions. The exceptions consisted of four countries four countries all from Africa. These countries had a higher male Life Expectancy then the female Life Expectancy. These countries are listed below. Countries Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Mozambique 37.83 36.34 Niger 42.38 41.97 South Africa 44.39 43.98 Swaziland 39.10 35.94 Zambia 35.19 35.17 Apart from these few countries, (which just prove that men can live longer then women!) my hypotheses was correct, because worldwide females tend to live longer then males. Looking at my investigation I feel in order for this data to be more accurate I would certainly need to have some minor adjustments, like the size of my data. I feel this did affect my results as the size of the data resulted in me being restricted from significant data that was not chosen due to my method of sampling. If this investigation was done again I would actually stick with the same methods, however I would expand my database and also use an even wider variety of representing my data (for example I could use the cumulative frequency graph). This would enable me to have a more accurate set of results.