All Quiet On The Western Front Essays (3304 words) -

All Quiet on the Western Front All Quiet on the Western Front Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, a novel set in World War I, centers around the changes wrought by the war on one young German soldier. During his time in the war, Remarque's protagonist, Paul Baumer, changes from a rather innocent Romantic to a hardened and somewhat caustic veteran. More importantly, during the course of this metamorphosis, Baumer disaffiliates himself from those societal icons?parents, elders, school, religion?that had been the foundation of his pre-enlistment days. This rejection comes about as a result of Baumer's realization that the pre-enlistment society simply does not understand the reality of the Great War. His new society, then, becomes the Company, his fellow trench soldiers, because that is a group which does understand the truth as Baumer has experienced it. Remarque demonstrates Baumer's disaffiliation from the traditional by emphasizing the language of Baumer's pre- and post-enlistment societies. Baumer either can not, or chooses not to, communicate truthfully with those representatives of his pre-enlistment and innocent days. Further, he is repulsed by the banal and meaningless language that is used by members of that society. As he becomes alienated from his former, traditional, society, Baumer simultaneously is able to communicate effectively only with his military comrades. Since the novel is told from the first person point of view, the reader can see how the words Baumer speaks are at variance with his true feelings. In his preface to the novel, Remarque maintains that "a generation of men ... were destroyed by the war" (Remarque, All Quiet Preface). Indeed, in All Quiet on the Western Front, the meaning of language itself is, to a great extent, destroyed. Early in the novel, Baumer notes how his elders had been facile with words prior to his enlistment. Specifically, teachers and parents had used words, passionately at times, to persuade him and other young men to enlist in the war effort. After relating the tale of a teacher who exhorted his students to enlist, Baumer states that "teachers always carry their feelings ready in their waistcoat pockets, and trot them out by the hour" (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Baumer admits that he, and others, were fooled by this rhetorical trickery. Parents, too, were not averse to using words to shame their sons into enlisting. "At that time even one's parents were ready with the word ?coward'" (Remarque, All Quiet I. 15). Remembering those days, Baumer asserts that, as a result of his war experiences, he has learned how shallow the use of these words was. Indeed, early in his enlistment, Baumer comprehends that although authority figures taught that duty to one's country is the greatest thing, we already knew that death-throes are stronger. But for all that, we were no mutineers, no deserters, no cowards?they were very free with these expressions. We loved our country as much as they; we went courageously into every action; but also we distinguished the false from true, we had suddenly learned to see. (Remarque, All Quiet I. 17) What Baumer and his comrades have learned is that the words and expressions used by the pillars of society do not reflect the reality of war and of one's participation in it. As the novel progresses, Baumer himself uses words in a similarly false fashion. A number of instances of Baumer's own misuse of language occur during an important episode in the novel?a period of leave when he visits his home town. This leave is disastrous for Baumer because he realizes that he can not communicate with the people on the home front because of his military experiences and their limited, or nonexistent, understanding of the war. When he first enters his house, for example, Baumer is overwhelmed at being home. His joy and relief are such that he cannot speak; he can only weep (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 140). When he and his mother greet each other, he realizes immediately that he has nothing to say to her: "We say very little and I am thankful that she asks nothing" (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 141). But finally she does speak to him and asks, "'Was it very bad out there, Paul?'" (Remarque, All Quiet VII. 143). Here, when he answers, he lies, ostensibly to

Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Example

Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Example Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay Differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world Essay For my mathematics coursework I have been given the task of finding the differences in wealth and life expectancy of the countries of the world. To my aide I shall have the World Factbook Data which was given to me by my maths teacher. The World Factbook Data contains the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita; this is the economic value of all the goods and services produced by an economy over a specified period. It includes consumption, government purchases, investments, and exports minus imports. This is probably the best indicator of the economic health of a country. It is usually measured annually. Another thing the data contains is the Life expectancy at birth. Life expectancy is called the average life span or mean life span, in this case of the countries or continents. This informs me of the average age a person in the specified country is likely to like to. Using this data I shall try to prove hypotheses that I shall personally predict before carrying out the investigation. For my investigation I shall be using varieties of different ways to presenting my data and results. I shall use graphs, charts as well as tables to make the data easier to read and understand for the reader. This would enable me also to keep organised and follow what I have to do. To develop my work I shall use very reliable as well as advanced methods to prove my hypotheses. These shall consist of Spearmans rank correlation coefficient, box plots, standard deviation aswell as histograms. Bearing my hypotheses in mind, I think that it would be they are irrelevant to my hypotheses and I shall gain no evidence or support from them inappropriate for me to use averages such as the mode or the range as I feel. My Hypotheses : I have chosen two hypotheses. My first Hypotheses is linked directly to my task whereas my second hypotheses is an extension task to develop my work. My hypotheses consist of: * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Method I shall acquire a systematically method. This will enable my work to be organised and easy to read. First, and foremost, I shall gather all the data that is presented before me. As my hypotheses are based on worldwide data I believe it is essential for me to use all the data. Once I have obtained the data I shall extract the data that will be used for my investigation. For this I shall use the stratified sampling method. This method is chosen because it is a fair and unbiased method. Also stratified sampling would give me an even spread of the whole continent, not compromise of the highest or lowest sets of data (as this would give me inaccurate results of the continents). Once obtaining the data specified I shall then separately, for each continent, put the data onto a table. I have chosen not to opt for putting the data in one big table, although my hypotheses are both related to worldwide information not separate continents, as this would narrow my results. Another advantage of putting the data onto separate tables for each continent is that I can then see which countries and continents prove my hypotheses and which countries and continents go against my hypotheses. After having my data separated into continents I shall first draw a scatter graph for each continent. This is to get me started and show me how spread out the data roughly is. Stratified Random Sampling Since it is generally impossible to study the entire population (every country in every continent) I must rely on sampling to acquire a section of the continent to perform my investigation. I believe it is important that the group selected be representative of the continent, and not biased in a systematic manner. For example, a group comprised of the wealthiest countries in a given continent probably would not accurately reflect the opinions of the entire continent. For this reason I have employed stratified random sampling to achieve an unbiased sample. Using this method shall: a) Give me the estimates of the countries needed for each continent b) Make selecting the data fair, as there will be no biasness. c) Give me a more accurate result. Firstly I used stratified sampling to find the number of countries needed from each continent, for my investigation. I deployed the formula: Number of countries in continent à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60 Total number of countries in The World Factbook Database I multiplied the answer by sixty because that is the number that I wish to reduce the data to. I believe sixty to be the right number as it is not too big or too small and I am capable of working with that number. Results: Asia: 54/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=14 Africa: 57/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=15 Europe: 48/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=12 Oceania: 25/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=6 North America: 37/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=9 South America: 14/235à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½60=4 I then randomly selected the amount presented to me for each continent. I put the countries and their given data in a graph. In some cases I had to randomly reselect a country as the previously selected country didnt have sufficient data for me to include it in my investigation. Also for Cyprus I had to add both the Greek Cypriot area and the Turkish Cypriot area to give me the totals for the GDP-per capita for Cyprus. Data Tables Asia Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Afghanistan 700 42.27 42.66 42.46 Bangladesh 1,900 74.37 80.02 61.71 Cyprus 24,800 75.11 79.92 77.46 Gaza Strip 600 70.31 72.94 71.59 Jordan 9,000 75.59 80.69 78.06 Malaysia 4,300 69.29 74.81 71.95 Maldives 3,900 62.41 65.01 63.68 Mongolia 1,800 61.97 66.48 64.17 Oman 13,100 70.66 75.16 72.85 Qatar 3,300 70.90 76.04 69.71 Saudi Arabia 21,500 73.26 77.30 73.40 Syria 11,800 68.47 71.02 75.23 United Arab Emirates 23,200 72.51 77.60 74.99 West Bank 800 71.14 74.72 72.88 Mean 8,621 68.45 72.46 69.30 Data Tables Africa Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Burundi 600 42.73 44.00 43.36 Cape Verde 1,400 66.83 73.54 70.14 Cote dIvoire 1,400 40.27 44.76 42.48 Egypt 4,000 68.22 73.31 70.71 Gabon 5,500 54.85 58.12 56.46 Liberia 1,000 46.90 48.99 47.93 Libya 6,400 74.10 78.58 76.28 Madagascar 800 54.19 58.96 56.54 Morocco 4,000 68.06 72.74 70.35 Mozambique 1,200 37.83 36.34 37.10 Niger 800 42.38 41.97 42.18 South Africa 10,700 44.39 43.98 44.19 Sudan 1,900 56.96 59.36 58.13 Swaziland 4,900 39.10 35.94 37.54 Zambia 800 35.19 35.17 35.18 Mean 3,027 51.47 53.72 52.57 Data Tables Europe Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Belarus 6,100 62.79 74.65 68.57 Bosnia and Herzegovina 6,100 69.82 75.51 72.57 Faroe Islands 22,000 75.60 82.51 79.05 Finland 27,400 74.73 81.89 78.24 Guernsey 20,000 77.17 83.27 80.17 Macedonia 6,700 72.45 77.20 74.73 Malta 17,700 76.51 80.98 78.68 Man, Isle of 21,000 74.80 81.70 78.16 Norway 37,800 76.64 82.01 79.25 Portugal 18,000 74.06 80.85 77.35 Slovakia 13,300 70.21 78.37 74.19 Sweden 26,800 78.12 82.62 80.30 Mean 18,575 73.58 80.13 76.77 Data Tables Oceania Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) American Samoa 8,000 72.05 79.41 75.62 Australia 29,000 77.40 83.27 80.26 French Polynesia 17,500 73.29 78.18 75.67 Palau 9,000 66.67 73.15 69.82 Papua New Guinea 2,200 62.41 66.81 64.56 Vanuatu 2,900 60.64 63.63 62.10 Mean 11,433 68.74 74.08 71.34 Data Tables North America Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Anguilla 8,600 73.99 79.91 76.90 Aruba 28,000 75.64 82.49 78.98 Belize 4,900 65.11 69.86 67.43 Costa Rica 9,100 74.07 79.33 76.63 Dominica 5,400 71.48 77.43 74.38 El Salvador 4,800 67.31 74.70 70.92 Netherlands Antilles 11,400 73.37 77.95 75.60 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2,900 71.54 75.21 73.35 Trinidad and Tobago 9,500 66.86 71.82 69.28 Mean 9,400 71.04 76.52 73.72 Data Tables South America Countries GDP per capita ($) Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Population Life Expectancy (years) Argentina 11,200 71.95 79.65 75.70 Guyana 4,000 60.12 64.84 62.43 Suriname 4,000 66.77 71.55 69.10 Venezuela 4,800 71.02 77.32 74.06 Mean 6,000 67.47 73.34 70.32 Data Table Result * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Summary Continent Mean GDP per capita ($) Mean Male Life Expectancy Mean Female Life Expectancy Mean Population Life Expectancy (years) Europe 18,575 73.58 80.13 76.77 Oceania 11,433 68.74 74.08 71.34 North America 9,400 71.04 76.52 73.72 Asia 8,621 68.45 72.46 69.30 South America 6,000 67.47 73.34 70.32 Africa 3,027 51.47 53.72 52.57 Worldwide 9,509 66.79 71.71 69.00 Hypotheses 1 This data supports my first Hypotheses that wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. This is seen because the higher a continents mean GDP per capita the higher its mean Population Life Expectancy has been. This is with the exception of South America. This goes against my hypotheses. This does not prove my hypotheses incorrect as I need more sufficient evidence. Hypotheses 2 This hypothesis has already been proven correct because on in every continent the mean Male Life Expectancy is always lower then the mean Female Life Expectancy. Scatter Graphs A scatter graph is a graphical summary of bivariate data (two variables X and Y), usually drawn before working out a linear correlation coefficient or fitting a regression line. In scatter graphs every observation is presented as a point in (X,Y)-cordinate system. The resulting pattern indicates the type and strength of the relationship between the two variables. A scattergraph will show up a linear or non-linear relationship between the two variables and whether or not there exist any outliers in the data. Scatter graph is a graph made by plotting ordered pairs in a coordinate plane to show the correlation between two sets of data. The reason for me choosing the scatter graph as a way of displaying my data is because the scatter graph is easy to read and understand. Also you can visibly see the correlation which is not possible with other methods. Reading a scatter graph: * A scatter graph describes a positive trend if, as one set of values increases, the other set tends to increase. * A scatter graph describes a negative trend if, as one set of values increases, the other set tends to decrease. * A scatter graph shows no trend if the ordered pairs show no correlation. Interpreting a Scatter graph High positive correlation Perfect positive Low correlation Perfect positive High positive correlation High negative correlation Scatter Graphs Asia Scatter Graphs Africa Scatter Graphs Europe Scatter Graphs Oceania Scatter Graphs North America Scatter Graphs South America Scatter Graph Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a continent is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Only hypotheses one was attempted with this data as hypothesis two could not be preformed with this graph. It would have had no extra information and would have been too time consuming. Hypotheses 1 This data shows the data table in a visual form. Personally, it is easier to see that continents that have less GDP capita also have a lower life expectancy. The most visible are the countries that have been circled around. These countries are a lot worse then the rest of the countries. These countries can actually be seen to be totally different compared to the rest of the world. Histograms In statistics, a histogram is a graphical display of tabulated frequencies. That is, a histogram is the graphical version of a table which shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several or many specified categories. The categories are usually specified as non overlapping intervals of some variable. .Histogram is a specialized type of bar chart. Individual data points are grouped together in classes, so that you can get an idea of how frequently data in each class occur in the data set. High bars indicate more frequency in a class, and low bars indicate fewer frequency. One of the main reasons for me choosing histograms is because it provides an easy-to-read picture of the location and variation in a data set. The histogram is another way of visually displaying your data. This makes it more appealing than a set of tables. Interpreting Histograms If the columns in a histogram are all the same width then you can compare the frequencies of the class by comparing the heights of the columns. The column with the largest area indicates the modal class. The height of a column is like averaging out the frequency over all the values in the class. Height = Frequency Class interval The taller the column is the greater the average frequency for the values in that class is. Histograms Asia Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 41-50 1 45.5 0.11 51-60 0 55.5 0.00 61-70 4 65.5 0.44 71-80 9 75.5 1.00 Total 14 1.56 Histograms Africa Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 31-40 3 35.5 0.33 41-50 5 45.5 0.56 51-60 3 55.5 0.33 61-70 0 65.5 0.00 71-80 4 75.5 0.44 Total 15 1.67 Histograms Europe Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 1 65.5 0.11 71-80 9 75.5 1.00 81-90 2 85.5 0.22 Total 12 1.33 Histograms Oceania Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 3 65.5 0.33 71-80 2 75.5 0.22 81-90 1 85.5 0.11 Total 6 0.67 Histograms North America Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 2 65.5 0.22 71-80 7 75.5 0.78 Total 9 1.00 Histograms South America Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 61-70 2 65.5 0.22 71-80 2 75.5 0.22 Total 4 0.44 Histogram Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Population Life Expectancy (years) Frequency Mid point Frequency Density 31-40 3 35.5 0.33 41-50 6 45.5 0.67 51-60 3 55.5 0.33 61-70 12 65.5 1.33 71-80 33 75.5 3.67 81-90 3 85.5 0.33 Total 60 6.67 This was extended work to give me more information indirectly concerning hypotheses one. This data shows me that the modal group for population life expectancy worldwide is the 71-80 age range. Unsurprisingly the economically worst off continent, Africa, was the only continents to have any country with a Population Life Expectancy of below 40. On the other hand Asia, not being the second worst economically continent, alongside with Africa, had countries with Life Expectancy lower then 60. To summarise so far in my investigations only South America has not fitted in with my first hypotheses. Standard Deviation Standard deviation is the most commonly used measure of statistical dispersion. It is a measure of the degree of dispersion of the data from the mean value. It is simply the average or expected variation around an average. Standard deviation would show me how spread out the values in the sets of data are. It is defined as the square root of the variance. This means it is the root mean square (RMS) deviation from the average. It is defined this way in order to give us a measure of dispersion that is: I have chosen this method because although the scatter graph and histograms do show population distribution they do not give a precise and exact answer. This can easily be obtained by using standard deviation. * A non-negative number, and * Has the same units as the data. Interpreting Standard deviation Interpreting standard deviation is quite easy to read. A large standard deviation indicates that the data points are far from the mean and a small standard deviation indicates that they are clustered closely around the mean. In this case 0.9 is a large standard deviation and 0.1 is a small standard deviation. The formula for standard deviation is; ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½xà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ -x à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ V ?à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Standard Deviation Asia Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.27 68.45 -26.18 685.24 74.37 68.45 5.92 35.08 75.11 68.45 6.66 44.39 70.31 68.45 1.86 3.47 75.59 68.45 7.14 51.02 69.29 68.45 0.84 0.71 62.41 68.45 -6.04 36.45 61.97 68.45 -6.48 41.95 70.66 68.45 2.21 4.90 70.90 68.45 2.45 6.02 73.26 68.45 4.81 23.16 68.47 68.45 0.02 0.00 72.51 68.45 4.06 16.51 71.14 68.45 2.69 7.25 Variance 68.30 Standard Deviation 8.26 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.66 72.46 -29.80 887.74 80.02 72.46 7.57 57.23 79.92 72.46 7.47 55.73 72.94 72.46 0.48 0.24 80.69 72.46 8.24 67.82 74.81 72.46 2.36 5.55 65.01 72.46 -7.44 55.43 66.48 72.46 -5.97 35.70 75.16 72.46 2.71 7.32 76.04 72.46 3.59 12.85 77.30 72.46 4.85 23.47 71.02 72.46 -1.44 2.06 77.60 72.46 5.15 26.47 74.72 72.46 2.27 5.13 Variance 88.77 Standard Deviation 9.42 Standard Deviation Asia Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.46 69.30 -26.84 720.16 61.71 69.30 -7.59 57.54 77.46 69.30 8.16 66.66 71.59 69.30 2.29 5.26 78.06 69.30 8.76 76.81 71.95 69.30 2.65 7.05 63.68 69.30 -5.62 31.54 64.17 69.30 -5.13 26.27 72.85 69.30 3.55 12.63 69.71 69.30 0.41 0.17 73.40 69.30 4.10 16.85 75.23 69.30 5.93 35.22 74.99 69.30 5.69 32.42 72.88 69.30 3.58 12.85 Variance 78.67 Standard Deviation 8.87 Standard Deviation Africa Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 42.73 51.47 -8.74 76.33 66.83 51.47 15.36 236.03 40.27 51.47 -11.20 125.37 68.22 51.47 16.75 280.67 54.85 51.47 3.38 11.45 46.90 51.47 -4.57 20.85 74.10 51.47 22.63 512.27 54.19 51.47 2.72 7.42 68.06 51.47 16.59 275.34 37.83 51.47 -13.64 185.96 42.38 51.47 -9.09 82.57 44.39 51.47 -7.08 50.08 56.96 51.47 5.49 30.18 39.10 51.47 -12.37 152.93 35.19 51.47 -16.28 264.93 Variance 154.16 Standard Deviation 12.42 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 44.00 53.72 -9.72 94.43 73.54 53.72 19.82 392.94 44.76 53.72 -8.96 80.23 73.31 53.72 19.59 383.87 58.12 53.72 4.40 19.38 48.99 53.72 -4.73 22.35 78.58 53.72 24.86 618.15 58.96 53.72 5.24 27.49 72.74 53.72 19.02 361.86 36.34 53.72 -17.38 301.97 41.97 53.72 -11.75 138.00 43.98 53.72 -9.74 94.82 59.36 53.72 5.64 31.84 35.94 53.72 -17.78 316.03 35.17 53.72 -18.55 344.00 Variance 215.16 Standard Deviation 14.67 Standard Deviation Africa Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 43.36 52.57 -9.21 84.85 70.14 52.57 17.57 308.66 42.48 52.57 -10.09 101.84 70.71 52.57 18.14 329.01 56.46 52.57 3.89 15.12 47.93 52.57 -4.64 21.54 76.28 52.57 23.71 562.10 56.54 52.57 3.97 15.75 70.35 52.57 17.78 316.08 37.10 52.57 -15.47 239.36 42.18 52.57 -10.39 107.98 44.19 52.57 -8.38 70.25 58.13 52.57 5.56 30.90 37.54 52.57 -15.03 225.94 35.18 52.57 -17.39 302.46 Variance 182.12 Standard Deviation 13.50 Standard Deviation Europe Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 62.79 73.58 -10.79 116.32 69.82 73.58 -3.76 14.10 75.60 73.58 2.02 4.10 74.73 73.58 1.16 1.33 77.17 73.58 3.60 12.92 72.45 73.58 -1.13 1.27 76.51 73.58 2.94 8.61 74.80 73.58 1.22 1.50 76.64 73.58 3.07 9.39 74.06 73.58 0.48 0.24 70.21 73.58 -3.37 11.32 78.12 73.58 4.55 20.66 Variance 16.81 Standard Deviation 4.10 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 74.65 80.13 -5.48 30.03 75.51 80.13 -4.62 21.34 82.51 80.13 2.38 5.66 81.89 80.13 1.76 3.10 83.27 80.13 3.14 9.86 77.20 80.13 -2.93 8.58 80.98 80.13 0.85 0.72 81.70 80.13 1.57 2.46 82.01 80.13 1.88 3.53 80.85 80.13 0.72 0.52 78.37 80.13 -1.76 3.10 82.62 80.13 2.49 6.20 Variance 7.93 Standard Deviation 2.82 Standard Deviation Europe Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 68.57 76.77 -8.20 67.27 72.57 76.77 -4.20 17.65 79.05 76.77 2.28 5.19 78.24 76.77 1.47 2.16 80.17 76.77 3.40 11.55 74.73 76.77 -2.04 4.17 78.68 76.77 1.91 3.64 78.16 76.77 1.39 1.93 79.25 76.77 2.48 6.14 77.35 76.77 0.58 0.33 74.19 76.77 -2.58 6.67 80.30 76.77 3.53 12.45 Variance 11.60 Standard Deviation 3.41 Standard Deviation Oceania Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 72.05 68.74 3.31 10.93 77.40 68.74 8.66 74.94 73.29 68.74 4.55 20.67 66.67 68.74 -2.07 4.30 62.41 68.74 -6.33 40.11 60.64 68.74 -8.10 65.66 Variance 36.10 Standard Deviation 6.01 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.41 74.08 5.33 28.46 83.27 74.08 9.19 84.55 78.18 74.08 4.11 16.85 73.15 74.08 -0.92 0.86 66.81 74.08 -7.27 52.78 63.63 74.08 -10.45 109.10 Variance 48.77 Standard Deviation 6.98 Standard Deviation Oceania Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 75.62 71.34 4.28 18.33 80.26 71.34 8.92 79.60 75.67 71.34 4.33 18.76 69.82 71.34 -1.52 2.31 64.56 71.34 -6.78 45.95 62.10 71.34 -9.24 85.35 Variance 41.72 Standard Deviation 6.46 Standard Deviation North America Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 73.99 71.04 2.95 8.70 75.64 71.04 4.60 21.15 65.11 71.04 -5.93 35.18 74.07 71.04 3.03 9.17 71.48 71.04 0.44 0.19 67.31 71.04 -3.73 13.92 73.37 71.04 2.33 5.42 71.54 71.04 0.50 0.25 66.86 71.04 -4.18 17.48 Variance 12.39 Standard Deviation 3.52 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.91 76.52 3.39 11.48 82.49 76.52 5.97 35.61 69.86 76.52 -6.66 44.39 79.33 76.52 2.81 7.88 77.43 76.52 0.91 0.82 74.70 76.52 -1.82 3.32 77.95 76.52 1.43 2.04 75.21 76.52 -1.31 1.72 71.82 76.52 -4.70 22.11 Variance 14.38 Standard Deviation 3.79 Standard Deviation North America Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 76.90 73.72 3.18 10.12 78.98 73.72 5.26 27.68 67.43 73.72 -6.29 39.55 76.63 73.72 2.91 8.47 74.38 73.72 0.66 0.44 70.92 73.72 -2.80 7.83 75.60 73.72 1.88 3.54 73.35 73.72 -0.37 0.14 69.28 73.72 -4.44 19.70 Variance 13.05 Standard Deviation 3.61 Standard Deviation South America Male Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 71.95 67.47 4.49 20.12 60.12 67.47 -7.34 53.95 66.77 67.47 -0.69 0.48 71.02 67.47 3.56 12.64 Variance 21.80 Standard Deviation 4.67 Female Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 79.65 73.34 6.31 39.82 64.84 73.34 -8.50 72.25 71.55 73.34 -1.79 3.20 77.32 73.34 3.98 15.84 Variance 32.78 Standard Deviation 5.73 Standard Deviation South America Population Life Expectancy Mean Deviation Deviationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 75.70 70.32 5.38 28.92 62.43 70.32 -7.89 62.29 69.10 70.32 -1.22 1.49 74.06 70.32 3.74 13.97 Variance 26.67 Standard Deviation 5.16 Standard Deviation Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. Continents Asia Africa Europe Oceania North America South America Male Life Expectancy 8.26 12.42 4.10 6.01 3.52 4.67 Female Life Expectancy 9.42 14.67 2.82 6.98 3.79 5.73 Population Life Expectancy 8.87 13.50 3.41 6.46 3.61 5.16 Hypotheses 1 This data does mainly concentrate on Hypotheses two but it can also be relevant to Hypotheses one as well. The continent with the highest GDP- per capita, Europe is also the continent which on average is closer to its mean then any other country. Also the continent with the lowest GDP- per capita, Africa is also the continent which on average is furthest away from its mean then any other continent. Hypotheses 2 This data proves that females have longer Life Expectancy then males, without a doubt. The females live so longer that they are further away from the mean then the males. This is because females are above the mean for each and every continent, unlike the males who are always below the mean. This table can be misleading in the concept that it seems as if men in Europe have a Longer Life Expectancy then women in Europe. This is not true. The fact is that both men and women have high Life Expectancy in Europe; (with the women averaging higher then the men again).This results leads to a high Population Life Expectancy which is close to both of them. In this case the women are closer to it, but they still contain a higher Life Expectancy. Spearmans Rank Correlation Spearmans rank correlation is used to compare two given sets of data. You use the formula p = 1- 6?dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ n(nà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-1) d is the difference between the GDP-per capita and Population life expectancy. n is the number of countries in the specified continent. To work out the value of p for the results of the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy you add another two rows to the table. The first row is for the value of d (difference) and the second row is for the value of dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ (differenceà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½). Interpreting Spearmans rank correlation The value of p will always be between -1 and +1. ________________________________________________________________________ -1 0 1 If the value of p is close to 0 there is almost no correlation. If the value of p is close to -1 there is strong negative correlation. If the value of p is close to -0.5 there is weak negative correlation. If the value of p is close to 1 there is strong positive correlation. If the value of p is close to 0.5 there is weak positive correlation. Spearmans Rank Correlation Results * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. The Spearmans rank correlation tables show the following results about the correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of a continent: Continent Results Correlation between GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of continent Asia. 0.7010989 Medium positive correlation Africa 0.499452321 Weak positive correlation Europe 0.8023324 Strong positive correlation Oceania 0.8857143 Strong positive correlation North America 0.55 Weak positive correlation South America 0.50 Weak positive correlation Looking at my data it is visible that all the continents have positive correlation. This proves my hypotheses, that all the continents have a positive correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy of a continent. The accuracy of my hypotheses can be further developed. Instead of saying that there is a positive correlation between the GDP-per capita and the Population life expectancy worldwide, I could further develop this. Looking at my data I can tell the strength of the correlation of each specific continent. Strong Accuracy Intermediate Accuracy Weak Accuracy Europe Asia. North America Oceania South America Africa Conclusion * The wealth and life expectancy of a country is linked and is likely to have a strong positive correlation. I believe this happens worldwide. * Females generally tend to live longer than males worldwide. My first hypothesis was proven correct. I realised that the continent do contain a correlation between the wealth and life expectancy of a continent. However for most of my data South America did seem to be an exception. I believe this to be because of the size of data for this continent. Although stratified random sampling was accurate it did not work in these circumstances. Another method I could have used was to give each continent the same number of countries to represent it. Only four countries were chosen for South America, I do not think that this was a sufficient enough number to represent a whole continent. I say this because I believe that the chosen method was mainly all about luck, which countries are chosen to represent a continent. This would give a biased reading. To overcome this problem I would definitely have to increase my data. For this reason I think that although my hypotheses was correct and if I was to try the same investigation again with a data size of seventy instead of sixty my hypotheses would be more successful as well as more accurate. For my second hypotheses there were no such problems. My hypothesis was not one hundred percent accurate because as always there were a few exceptions. The exceptions consisted of four countries four countries all from Africa. These countries had a higher male Life Expectancy then the female Life Expectancy. These countries are listed below. Countries Male Life Expectancy Female Life Expectancy Mozambique 37.83 36.34 Niger 42.38 41.97 South Africa 44.39 43.98 Swaziland 39.10 35.94 Zambia 35.19 35.17 Apart from these few countries, (which just prove that men can live longer then women!) my hypotheses was correct, because worldwide females tend to live longer then males. Looking at my investigation I feel in order for this data to be more accurate I would certainly need to have some minor adjustments, like the size of my data. I feel this did affect my results as the size of the data resulted in me being restricted from significant data that was not chosen due to my method of sampling. If this investigation was done again I would actually stick with the same methods, however I would expand my database and also use an even wider variety of representing my data (for example I could use the cumulative frequency graph). This would enable me to have a more accurate set of results.

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An overview of World Englishes

An overview of World Englishes 1.1 English as an international language Among thousand languages in the world, English has become an International English since it is a multinational, multicultural and multifunctional language. The term, English as an international language (EIL) can be shortened as International English, highlights the international use of English rather than wrongly suggesting that there is one clearly distinguishable, unitary variety called `International English. Mckay (2002: 132) in her book entitled Teaching English as an International language makes use of the shorthand term and gives a definition like this: International English is used by native speakers of English and bilingual users of English for cross-cultural communication. International English can be used both in a local sense between speakers of diverse cultures and languages within one country and in a global sense between speakers from different countries. From her statements, we can see that the uses of English internationally include speakers of English as native lan guage (ENL)/English as mother tongue in all its dialects, as well as speakers of New Englishes/World Englishes/indigenized/nativized varieties. Chosen as the preferred potion for cross-cultural communication, it can be referred to as EIL. Besides, some other terms can be used more or less interchangeably with EIL, such as English as a lingua franca, English as a global language, English as a world language, and English as a medium of intercultural communication. In fact, the dramatic development of modern science and technology, the coming age of information superhighway, and the shrinking of the world into a global village are all accelerating international exchanges and intercultural communications and, for that matter, the wider spread of English. Recently, another term for EIL has been introduced: World English (Brutt-Griffler, 2002:110). She provides a carefully researched and well-argued basis for acknowledging the active role of EIL users as agents in its spread and in its linguistic development: they are not just at the receiving end, but contribute to the shaping of the language and the functions it fulfils. This is a perspective with considerable implications for English education all over the world. 1.1.1 An overview of World Englishes There are several researches of varieties of world English, two famous scholars Quirk and Krachu are worth mentioning. Quirk divides the varieties of English into three kinds: English as native language (ENL); English as second language (ESL); English as foreign language (EFL). He maintains that all the varieties of world English should base on the established rules of British English or American English. He is the typical representative who suggests the only criterion for the varieties of English in the world. However, with the fast development of the society, with the quick trend of internationalization of English, it is neither possible nor practical to hold on the sole criterion for different kinds of English all over the world. Being a very popular pioneer of the theories for the internationalization of English, a promoter insisting on the pluralistic criterions of English and a variationist, Krachu put forward the notion of World Englishes in 1970s. And in 1985 he proposed the three concentric circles to view the varieties of English that are similar to Quirks division. The inner circle refers to the traditional culture and linguistic bases of English. It includes the USA, UK, Ireland, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. The outer or extended circle represents the institutionalized non-native varieties. It involves the earlier periods of the spread of English in non-native settings, where English has become part of a countrys institutions, and plays an important `Second Language role in a multilingual setting. The countries are Singapore, India, Malawi, and more than fifty other regions in the world. The expanding circle includes the regions where the performance varieties of the language are used essentially in EFL contexts, as in China, Japan, Greece, Iran, etc. China English belongs to this circle. There are some seventy-five territories in which English has held or continues to hold a special place, as a member of either the inner or outer circles (Cry stal, 2001: 53). Crystal (2001: 54) gives the following estimates for the speakers of English in terms of Kachrus (1985, 1992) `concentric circles: the inner circle, first language, 320-380 million; the outer circle, additional/second language, 150-300 million; the expanding circle, foreign language, 100-1000 million. Kachru (1996: 241) himself maintains There are now at least four non-native speakers of English for every native speaker. McArthur (1992: 355) has a more conservative estimate, namely a 2-to-1 ratio of non-natives to natives. And to cite a voice from what Kachru calls the expanding circle, the German author Gnutzmann (2000: 357) adds another way of looking at this: It has been estimated that about 80% of verbal exchanges in which English is used as second or foreign language do not involve native speakers of English. The statistics show us its power and effect in cross-cultural, cross-lingual communications during the worldwide development of English. Besides the researches done by the above mentioned scholars, many other linguists also have done the similar researches about the internationalization of English, such as Smith (1983), Platt (1985), Stevens (1992), Graddol (1997) and so on. The common marked trait of their researches is that they all go against linguistic chauvinism. On the whole, World English is the product of the development of a world market and global developments in the fields of science, technology, culture and the media; World English is learned by people at various levels of society, not just by the socio-economic elite; World English tends to establish itself alongside local languages rather than replacing them, and so contributes to multilingualism rather than jeopardize it; World English spreads due to the fact that many people learn it rather than by speakers of English migrating to others; thus two processes happen concurrently: new varieties are created and unity in the world language is maintained. With the vast spread and quick speedy internationalization of the English language, it will lead to nativization of English in different parts of the world. 1.1.2 Nativization of English and English es in Asia A non-native English situation is basically an innovative situation involving certain well-known processes of nativization (Bamgbose, 1998: 1). English has become international in character, it cannot be bound to any culture. That is, any culture can use English as its vehicle of communication (Smith, 1983: 9). Kachru (1982: 5) has pointed out once English was adopted in a region, whether for science, technology, literature, prestige, elitism, or `modernization, it went through a reincarnation process, which is unique to another culture. Native English, unable to adequately express what is unique to another culture, should be reincarnated, changed or varied in order to fit the given culture. Such variation or reincarnation of language is called nativization, indigenization or hybridization (Kachru, 1981; Moag Moag, 1977; Whinnom, 1971). Development of English in most parts of Asia was due to contact with native English-speakers through colonialism. Many Asian countries of the outer circle and the expanding circle were former colonies or semi-colonies of countries of the Inner circle, typically USA, UK and Canada, etc. The English language was first introduced to these Asian countries, like India, Singapore, and Pakistan, as the medium of instruction in a western system of education, and was adopted as the official language by some governments for easy communication between the rulers and the ruled. The introduction of the English language may have three purposes: religious purpose, commercial purpose, and political purpose. However, it is certain that the colonists arm has not always been decisive for spread and development of English in Asia. There are some other reasons. English has often been learned because of the status it may confer on the readers and speakers, because it opens doors in modern science, technology, trade, diplomacy, and intercultural communication. In Japan, a country under little colonial influence of an English-speaking power, even though English continues to be a performance variety, it has penetrated deep into the Japanese language and culture. In its localized form, English has acquired a stable status in Japanese culture. Once English was adopted in any region of Asia, whether because of colonialism, or for science, technology, literature, prestige, or modernization, it went through various changes and adaptations, which were partly linguistic and partly cultural. The changes were essentially caused by the new bilingual or multilingual settings, as well as new cultural contexts in which English has to function. Such linguistic and cultural changes are especially well established in the regions where it has been used as an international language, in addition to serving intranational purpose, which is the case of Singapore, India, etc. Establishment of a non-native variety of English in any new culture is well illustrated for its linguistically deviation from standard native English varieties. It usually distinguishes itself from other non-native or native English varieties in terms of phonology, vocabulary, grammar, syntax, semantics, or discourse. The most conspicuous is the vocabulary, because nativi zed English varieties have to include some borrowed words from local languages in order to express some unique phenomena and ideas of local culture that is quite different from that of other cultures. This is also the case of China English. At present, most of the evidences for the recognition of China English are mainly from some of its distinctive vocabulary carrying unique Chinese culture. Besides the above countries mentioned, English is playing its international and intranational roles in many other Asian countries, as well as in other parts of the world. The fact shows that English varieties developed in Asia are either performance varieties in the expanding circle or institutionalized varieties in the outer circle. Performance varieties include those that are used as foreign language, such as in Japan, China, Indonesia and so on. They have a highly restricted functional range in specific contexts, for example, those of tourism, commerce, and other transactions. Institutionalized varieties are those used as the second language, such as in Singapore, Malaysia, India, and so on. These varieties have a more extended range of uses, registers and style range in the social context of a nation. According to Kachru (1992), The main characteristics of an institutionalized variety are the following: the length of time in use; the extension of use; the emotional attachment of second language users with the variety; functional importance and sociolinguistic status. Under the circumstance of institutionalized varieties, English is not only used i n the domains of government administration, law, military, education, commerce, media religion, etc., but also in the more private domains of family and friendship. From 1990s, the wide and fast spread of English in Asia has aroused the interest of many English scholars worldwide. In the early 1990s, Japan established an organization called the Japanese Association for Asian Englishes. And in 1999, the association published a magazine named Asian Englishes, which is committed to the study of varieties of English in Asia. A lot of well-known linguists like Kachru (1999), Smith (1999), Kirkpatrick (2000), and McArthur (2002) all published articles entitled English as an Asian Language. They all have acknowledged the common features of Asian Englishes, which decide that different varieties of English in Asia belong to the family of World Englishes from the perspective of functional nativeness. In recent years, among western academic circle, there has been a distinct change in attitudes towards English varieties (either institutionalized or performance varieties) developed in Asia, as well as in other parts of the world. Currently most institutional ized varieties have been gradually accepted by native English speakers. However, the development and nativization of institutionalized varieties has been traditionally unacceptable to majority of native English speakers. These varieties have once been considered deficient models of language acquisition. This attitude has not only been restricted to speech performance, but extends to lexical and collocational items that are determined by the new social and cultural context. But, this kind of negative attitude began to change step by step with the growth of linguistic tolerance after the Second World War. A survey (Chen Linhan/ ,# X, 1996: 46) on remarks from native English speakers on China Daily and Beijing Review shows that even in such important English newspaper and magazine there are some misuse of article or prepositions. Nevertheless, all the interviewees have acknowledged the existence of China English. 1.1.3 China English in EIL context English in China, when used as a vehicle of Chinese culture, will also be nativized or sinicized linguistically and culturally. China English was first presented by Ge Chuangui(- ,1 I) in 1980. He used the term to refer to the distinctive vocabulary carrying unique Chinese culture in Chinese-English translation, but he did not suggest China English as a variety of English. Since then, this term has aroused great interest of many scholars in China. Wang Rongpei 1991: 1-8) in his paper entitled China English an objective English variety points out, provided that English is widely used in a non-native area with certain characteristic of indigenization, whatever its function might be, it can be regarded as an English variety. There are no reasons to deny the fact that China English is an objective language phenomenon in China. Since then, China English has been popular among scholars home and abroad. Chinese speakers or learners appropriate communication in English has become one of the more heated topics for all the Chinese scholars of English teaching, translation, linguistics and cross-cultural communication. On the whole, the popularity of English has pushed forward the nativization of English in China. With the open-up and reform policies, more and more foreign people and different institutions flood into China, and more English expressions that are typically 2.3.1 Pidgin English and China English A Pidgin is a lingua franca that arises in order to facilitate communication between speakers of different languages who are in sustained contact with each other, e.g. in trade or plantation situations (William, 1992: 224). Although it is no ones native language, a pidgin usually involves mixture or compromise between the native languages of its users; in comparison with these, it is restricted in social role, and simplified or reduced in linguistic resources. Pidgins flourish in areas of economic development all over the world, and Pidgins are based on English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. Actually, Pidgin English in China originated from Pidgin Portuguese that is a hybrid language with the combination of Portuguese, English, Hindi, Malay and Chinese Cantonese. Evidences in the history show that the Portuguese were the earliest Westerners who came to China to undertake the cause of colonial expansion and activities after the establishment of the new route in the 16`h century. When they first arrived in Macau, they found it was very difficult to communicate with the local people, and the local people, who were eager to find ways of livelihood during the contact with the Portuguese and other western people, also felt hard to exchange ideas with them. Both needed a shared language as a tool for communication to open up new prospects. Gradually Canto-Portugue s (j~,*I-, j iq ) came into being, which was a business term in commercial exchan ge between China and Portugal. It was a language used by the Portuguese traders and the local businessmen. Later the language became very mature with abundant vocabulary, stable speech sound, morphology and syntax, which had been used by the local people for 300 years. It did not disappear until 19`x century when the English colonists came to South China to extend trade. With the increase of trade volume of Britain in China, a new Pidgin, Canton English, emerged as the times demanded. Many English words gradually replaced those Portuguese words. Pidgin Portuguese had a great effect on late Canton English, now known technically as Chinese Pidgin English or China Coast Pidgin. Chinese Pidgin English was greatly influenced by the earlier Cantonese Pidgin Portuguese. But little has been known about how Canton English was reborn from Pidgin Portuguese. Anyhow, it developed into a lingua franca of the Pacific that influenced the Pidgins of Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Queensland, and elsewhere. With regard to its origin, the linguist Chin Chuancheng notes: The Chinese held the British, like all foreign devils, in low esteem, and would not stoop to learn the foreign tongue in its full form. The British, on the other hand, regarded the heathen Chinese as beyond any possibility of learning, and so began to modify their own language for the natives `benefit (Chinese Varieties of English, in B. Kachru (ed.), the Other Tongue, 1982). Pidgin English with typical Cantonese grammatical structures spread rapidly when the Treaty Ports were established in China in 1843, but declined towards the end of the l9`h century as Standard English began to be sys tematically taught in schools and universities. Before liberation, there was Shanghai Pidgin English too. Pidgin English is now extinct in the Peoples Republic of China and marginal in Hong Kong. In fact, Chinese Pidgin English that had been demoted by people was the earliest embryo of China English. People always consider Pidgin English as a term with derogatory sense. But it was the initial stage when we Chinese people began to get in touch with English in the specific historical times. What Pidgin English reflected was how Chinese people learned English at the initial and the most superficial stage. With the development of the society, it has been discarded. However, the traces left over by history can never be removed, and they will influence our behaviors, thoughts and attitudes unconsciously. So, facing the phenomenon of China English, we should not have the attitudes of evasion towards Chinese Pidgin English. Both Pidgin English and China English are the combined result of English with China, which are with typical Chinese language models and thought patterns to different degrees. But they cant be equated and regarded as the same thing. Du Zhengming (* 1998: 6) notes: To Chinese people, Pidgin English was an imposed English, which was the product of colonial expansion. So, they had no motives or conditions to learn Standard English, they just imposed Chinese speech sound, vocabulary and grammar into English, thus became a mixed language. However, China English is a formally learned language. People learn and master it actively and systematically through formal education at schools and universities. They cant treat it entirely as they please. Pidgin English was a language by putting English, the so-called super-state language, together with Chinese, the so-called sub-state one. It was neither English nor Chinese. It reflected the inequality in culture and society. But there are no such com positions as the so-called super-state and sub-state in China English. It is English with typical Chinese social and cultural characteristics. 2.3.2 China English and Chinglish As discussed earlier, China English is used to refer to special things of China and it exists objectively and contains three implications: China English is used only by Chinese people in China; China English takes normative English as its nucleus English; it has its own characteristics. But the first implication doesnt correspond to practice, because some words are used not only by Chinese people but also by western people. The difference between China English and Chinglish lies in the communicative effect depending on the recognition of Normative English speakers. So, Chinglish can be converted into China English, like long time no see. Many teachers and scholars home and abroad have noticed this language phenomenon and studies of Chinglish are scattered in books or articles in the field of English teaching and learning. Nevertheless, due to the unsystematic and unsteady nature of Chinglish, people do not always resonate a clear and unanimous voice on what Chinglish is and hereby present diverse and incomplete definitions from different angles in light with their own understanding. Pinkham (2000: 1-) defines it is a hybrid language that is neither English nor Chinese but that might be described as `English with Chinese characteristics; Deng Yanchang and Liu Runqing ()l Vl)i1f7 1989) views it as speech or writing that shows the interference of the influence of Chinese; Li Wenzhong ( 1993: 18) considers it as abnormal of deformed English that is produced by Chinese English learners or users when they are influenced by Chinese language rules. The above-cited definitions indicate that Chinglish is mainly caused by language learners mother tongue interference; it is caused not only by linguistic interference, but more importantly, by the interference of the language learners home culture and the thought patterns peculiar to the home culture. Whether there is a clear-cut distinction between China English and Chinglish or Chinese English is a heated debate, because people think the term Chinglish is derogatory. Actually, Chinese English and China English are at different points on the same continuum of interlanguage between Chinese and Standard English in the Chinese context, at different stages of acquisition or proficiency level. Due to insufficient acquisition or proficiency level, some of the English-using Chinese often make errors in grammar. These errors do not have an underlying sociolinguistic explanation, and English inflicted with such errors can hardly be recognized as the educated form of English, or teaching mode l in China. The violation of cultural norms may be common, however those grammatical errors are more or less related with the inadequate acquisition and insufficient proficiency of Chinglish. In chapter four, we are going to discuss this problem in detail according to the relevant theories of SLA TEFL. 3.2.1 Lexical level At the lexical level, Kachru (1982) has pointed out that a part of the lexicon is nativized in two ways. On one hand, native items are used in localized registers and styles in order to contextualize the language. On the other hand, English lexical items may acquire extended or restricted semantic markers. During the process of the nativization of English in China, the former is called cultural words, the latter, semantic shift. There is a great difference between Chinese and English culture, many a time we cant find equivalent English expressions to convey peculiar things in Chinese culture. Under this situation, people will employ different translation strategies, such as domesticating and foreignizing translations, literal and free translations, to interpret Chinese words of material and spiritual cultures into English. Domesticating translation refers to the translation strategy in which a transparent, fluent style is adopted in order to minimize the strangeness of the foreign te xt for target language readers, while foreignizing translation designates the type of translation in which a target text deliberately breaks target conventions by retaining something of the foreignness of the original. Words and phrases in China English are the main manifestations of the nativization of English in China. They get into English through the following ways. (i) Transliteration Many Pinyin words have directly entered English because of linguistic relativity and intranslatability of the applied language. Transliterated expressions in Pinyin can be considered a most conspicuous feature of China English with the technique of literal translation and the strategies of foreignizing translation. Chinese personal and geographical names and even some other China-unique facts can be romanized in Chinese Pinyin either in completeness (e.g. Wen Jiabao; Shanghai) or in part (e.g. Maotai Liquor). Actually, transliterated words from Chinese into English originated in the early 19`h century. At that time, lots of Chinese personal names and geographical names were translated into English according to the phonetic system called Wade System, a system of Romanization of Chinese, widely used in representing Chinese words and names in English, esp. before the adoption of Pinyin. It is also called Wade-Giles with some characteristics of English spelling, but it didnt stick to the principles of English spelling fully. And in the early times there were some transliterations from Guangdong dialects and Southern Fujian dialects, such as tea (*); chow mei (r); ); won ton (t; Bohea (RA*t,) ; cheongsam (1> 4) and so on. A system using the Latin alphabet, called Pinyin, has been developed in China since 1950s, and it is now in common use. Pinyin is the official standard for transliteration of Chinese language in the Peoples Republic of China now. It has been widely used by the international c ommunities and foreign countries since the International Standardization Organization passed IS07098: Documentation Service A System for Romanizing Chinese Characters into the Roman Alphabet in 1982. So, we can see transliteration in China English keeps on developing and advancing with the passing of time. Now lets compare the following different transliterated words: In the Wade Giles system In the Pinyin system, Mei-kuo Meiguo, Chung-kuo Zhongguo, Pei-tai-he Beidaihe, Mao Tse Tung Mao Zedong, Peking Beijing, Chonghwa Zhonghua, Tsinghwa Qinghua, Taipei Taibei With the fast increasing of publicity and exchange with the outside world, China has been greatly affecting the world in many different fields, like politics, economy, culture, education, science and daily life. In this case, more and more Chinese words expressing peculiar things in Chinese culture have been translated into English through transliteration and have become loanwords of English. They greatly enrich English vocabulary. Lets look at some vocabulary in China English. China English words transliterated under specific historical and cultural background: Confucius (L); Lao-tzu (Z-T); Tao Te Ching (((,t,));Yamen (Tf1); Xiucai (A.A); Yin (M); Yang(1IF9); qipao (h4); doufu (J); litchi (k); wushu (A*); quyi(1); gongfu ()i), etc. Some Chinese brand names entering China English through transliteration: Many of them are Pinyin words, but some of them are translated by using English words similar in pronunciation with Chinese words. For example, Tun Huang (WI), Da FU Gui (111-ft), E Mei(), Chang Hong(Kt), Maxam (-X.)3116.), Hisense (I;Haier (CI:), Stone ma), Lucky (ff:01,), Star (it), Rising (AW.), Transit (lifiY,) and so on, to name but a few. The above examples show that the transliterated China English words possess different traits in different periods. They reveal the significance and vitality of transliteration in the development of China English vocabulary. Nevertheless, there exists a great difference between Chinese and English, their pronunciation and spelling are quite different from each other. If we simply replace English words with Chinese Pinyin words, it will cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication. So while transliterating Chinese words and expressions into English, we should pay attention to translatability, readability and understandability. (ii) Loan translations When there are no transliterated borrowings, or hybridization, loan translations will be adopted. Many Chinese words and expressions have been translated into English by borrowing English words and phrases directly. There are three forms of loan translations. They are compound words, clipped words, and phrases (Zhou Feng, 1987: 111-125). The essence of their ideas can be summed up as follows: One form of loan translations is compound words. Some examples of this type are loan +English, like Canton ginger (Canton is a transliteration, and ginger is a native word); teacup (from Chinese word chabei); teahouse (from Chinese word chaguan), etc. Other examples of this kind of loan translation are the English calque, like beancurd (from Chinese compound word doufu; dou=bean or soy, fu curd); red bean (from Chinese compound word chidou; chi red, dou=bean), etc. The second form of loan translations is some special clipped word that is formed according to the pattern: a number + Chinese character (word translated into English literally). For example, sishuwujing=Four Books, Five Classics ( Sishu refers to four classic Chinese books, namely: The Great Learning (da xue); The Doctrine of the Mean(zhong yong); The Analects of Confucius gun yu) and Mencius(meng Wiijing stands for The Book of Songs (shi jing); The Book of History (shujing); The Book of Changes (yijing); The Book of Rites (li ji) and The Spring and Autumn Annals (chun qiu). Besides Four Books and Five Classics, it also includes Three Cardinals and Five Permanent Virtues, the Theory of Five Elements and so on. The third form of loan translations refers to English phrases translated from Chinese phrases literally. All these English phrases possess the peculiar characteristics of Chinese culture that cant be found in English culture. They manifest the different features of Chinese culture and things during the development of history and society. For example, things originating from the culture of Buddhism, philosophy and Chinese ancient literature: Taoism (i); Buddhism (T9 1); The Analects ( ((itiih )) ); The book of Changes ( ((1)) ) and so on. Loan translations in specific historical and cultural developing periods of China: red guard (iEJ L); one big pot (ik i^WX); ideological remoulding ( LRR CiA); paper tiger (J);); four modernizations (lThi`(tf- ); spiritual civilization material civilization (t1JAX OA); Three Represents (~ IM-M); rule by virtue (1i1); laid-off workers (TliIA); two-hundred policy ( (~one country, two systems ( ~1 IlJ); cross-strait relations etc. When discussing Chine se words and expressions, we will never fail to mention those idioms, mottos, proverbs and set phrases that carry unique Chinese culture. Some of them have the similar meanings to English idioms, mottos and proverbs, but when translated into English by applying English versions mechanically, they will be against the natural and original meanings of Chinese. In this situation the measure of loan translations or semantic shift can be adopted to translate Chinese idioms, mottos and proverbs. China English created by the way of loan translations or semantic shift can better retain the features and the detailed content of splendid Chinese civilizations. For example, to spend money like dirt (ii f) ; to draw a snake and add feet to it (i i , ); people mountains and people seas (A W ); like bamboo shoots after rain (C JA# ); seeking truth from facts (k *RE); no discord, no concord (4T7) x); one arrow, two hawks (- Mj~X),etc. All these set phrases and expressions in China English manifest c ultural activities of the different ages in human society of China. Actually, Chinese people have a preference for four-character phrases both in writing and conversation. The exis

United States Agency for International Development Essay -- AIDS HIV F

United States Agency for International Development When the Department of Defense awarded Halliburton subsidiaries billions of dollars to rebuild Iraq in an uncompetitive bidding process, taxpayers and members of Congress alike cried foul. Liberals at Swarthmore College bemoaned the mixture of domestic business interests with foreign policy and reconstruction efforts. Initially, foreign companies were formally barred from the lucrative reconstruction projects. This spring, Halliburton delayed billing the DOD over $140 million under allegations of overcharging for military meals and energy supplies. Where the DOD controls reconstruction in Iraq, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) controls foreign development aid. While the bloated and uncompetitive contracts to Halliburton attracted a hail of criticism, USAID emerges largely unscathed from criticism despite a legacy of brazenly self-interested and inefficient foreign aid policy. USAID balances two mandates: protecting American interests and promoting inter national development. Tied aid-- grants or loans which require consumption of the donor country’s goods and services-- is an obvious and insidious manifestation of this dual mandate. An examination of American aid policy, a colonial precedent to tied aid, and the experience of Egypt from 1974-1989 reveals how tied aid poisons and adulterates the practice of development. Tied aid: â€Å"Seductive† but â€Å"seriously wrong† (Hancock 61) Tied aid is not a win-win situation. A balance between domestic interests and foreign development restricts the full potential of foreign aid. Michael Maren’s The Road to Hell offers a scathing indictment of foreign aid infused with self-interest and laments how â€Å"the hum... ... Philip Publishers Ltd: United States, 2002. Campbell, Catherine. ‘Letting Them Die’: Why HIV/AIDS Intervention Programmes Fail. Indiana University Press: United States, 2000. Hancock, Graham. Lords of Poverty. First Atlantic Monthly Press: Great Britain, 1989. Maren, Michael. The Road to Hell: The Ravaging Effects of Foreign Aid and International Charity. The Free Press: New York, NY, 1997. Mitchell, Timothy. Rule of Experts: Egypt, Techno-Politics, Modernity. University of California Press: Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 2002. Radelet, Steven. Challenging Foreign Aid: A Policymarker’s Guide to the Millennium Challenge Account. Kirby Lithographing Company: United States, 2003. Student Global AIDS Campaign (SGAC) website. http://www.fightglobalaids.org/files/phatfile/appropriationskit.doc USAID website. http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid.

Relationship between Father and Son Essay

Father and son relationships in The Iliad are not like you would see in America or in our culture today, but there is still a developed love for one another. Priam and Hector had a very strong and admirable relationship, yet it didn’t come from seeing each other every day. Fatherly affection is not touchy-feely, nor is it necessarily given unconditionally or freely. Rather, a son must earn his father’s respect and admiration, and it is by leaving home and fighting his own battles that the son is able to get this. They spent more time apart then they did together. The distance they spent from each other only made their admiration grow stronger. This relationship is unique, and plays a big role in this epic poem. I know for me, it didn’t take being a great warrior or even earning my father’s respect for him to love me. It was automatic; my father loved me instantly and will always love me no matter what. That isn’t the case in that day and age. Priam was a magnificent warrior during a majority of the Trojan War and earned his retirement for this. It’s only by following in his father’s footsteps and becoming a great warrior of Troy will he fully gain Priam’s love. Hector was seen as the greatest warrior of Troy and could not have been more of a hero in his father’s eyes. Hector never shied down from anything or anyone. He was willing to do whatever it took to make his father and even more importantly in his eyes, his country proud. From a mental perspective, one might interpret this self-motivation as the son’s quest to know the father through the crazy act of moving away from him in a literal sense, yet living his life in an effort to shadow the father’s actions and achievements. Priam saw this in his son and thought very highly of him. Prima didn’t love Hector because of the fact he was his son, he loved him because of the man he became. Hector earned every bit of love and respect from his father. The death of Hector played a big role in the end of The Iliad. It was before the fight of him and Achilles, and after he was killed where we truly see the love that Priam has for his most prized son. Priam pleaded to Hector to not fight Achilles alone, for he knew he would be taken down (Homer 206). He told Hector that he could not bear the death of another son slain by Achilles. Nothing he said could persuade Hector to not fight, but I think deep down he knew it wouldn’t. Priam knew then how big of a heart Hector had, and he would do anything to see him survive this battle. For the father’s part, the absence is not a cause for thoughtful feeling. In Priam’s case, it is only when Hector dies that he feels deeply emotional and recognizes his son’s achievement, that Hector has followed in Priam’s own heroic footsteps, a fact which confirms Priam’s greatness. We learn more about the love Priam has for Hector when we see what he goes through to retrieve his body from Achilles after he had killed him and dragged him away from his chariot (Homer Book 24). Keeping in mind that Priam is the king of Troy, he sets out at night and goes to where Achilles is staying. He then persuades Achilles with multiple pleas to let him have a proper burial of his brave and courageous son. Priam risked his own life of being on enemy ground, just to get back the corpse of his son. When he returned back with the body of Hector, his family and the people of Troy were very remorseful and you could tell how much Hector truly meant to his father. It was a love that Priam will never let go. In conclusion, even if father-son relationships aren’t traditional in our sense, you have to respect the relationship that Priam and Hector had. They became close because of the man Priam was, and the strive Hector had to be like his father. Hector had to prove his manhood and gain his father’s respect through blood and hardship. They both loved Troy more than they loved their selves. In the end, Priam and Hector had an incredible relationship and love for one another.

ABC marketing Company Recruitment and Selection Processes

ABC marketing Company Recruitment and Selection Processes Introduction People consider recruitment and selection process as part of the most important domains in human resource management. Companies that conduct the process in the right manner as required often succeed when it comes to tapping new talents for enhanced productivity in the companies.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on ABC marketing Company Recruitment and Selection Processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Huselid (1995: 23), It should however be noted that, a number of companies that fail in the process face a lot of difficulties and rather than inviting success for the company or organization, the recruitment and selection processes become the starting points of the company’s downfall. My organization, ABC marketing Company faces a serious problem because of the inefficiency in the recruitment and selection processes. The nature of the problem in ABC Marketing Company ABC marketing company has been experiencing loses because of failure in the human resource department. This problem prevails amid the company spending many resources in the ventures in an effort to get the best people for positions that arise in the company or replacing workers who leave the company (Protosky 2004: 43). Whenever the need for recruitment and selection in the company arises, the venture turns out as a waste of resources since it is repeated again after every two months due to reported incompetence among the newly recruited employees. Experts have proved several causes as well as reasons that result to the failure of the recruitment and selection process. If the causes were amicably resolved, ABC Marketing Company would avoid the associated loses of material resources, finances as well as time. Causes of the problem The major causes of the problems that ABC marketing Company faces in handling the recruitment and selection venture include vague description of jobs. Unclear job description A BC’s human resource management personnel have been handling the process with laxity, which makes them define the jobs for which they invite applications. This leads to people who lack the necessary skills for the specific positions getting chances only for others to discover their uselessness in the company later.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This also results to the leaving out of others who seem more qualified and ones who could have handled the positions better once granted the chance. The issue of adverting of the jobs still raises alarm. A failure to advertise the job openings effectively Failure to embrace technological advancements when it comes to the aspects of recruitment and selection have resulted to the company losing instead of gaining despite the fact that they spend less when advertising the vacancies or conducting a recruitment. The use o f means that are not popular lead to the failure of many potential candidates not being able to access the information and in turn not being able to apply for the positions. Because of poor posting of the vacancies, the number of applications sent is usually low which makes it impossible to get the ideal candidates for the vacant positions. Many talented people miss the opportunities just because they are not aware of the recruitment. The use of ill-trained personnel in the process Ill trained people have received the mandate of handling such a daunting task as the recruitment and selection process in ABC. The case results to such blunders that yield catastrophic results as poorly planned and handled interviews conducted which makes it impossible for the best people to get into the positions that they deserve (Cable, and Turban 2001: 12). The manner of handling the selection process at ABC seems demanding for those who wish to seek for a permanent arresting of the problem in the rec ruitment and selection procedures, despite its being one of the most expensive ventures that the company undergoes. Cases of corruption and canvassing in the process The increased number of corruption cases in the department has contributed greatly to the problems that are sinking the company into the turmoil of loses. Corrupt officers have been on the record receiving bribes and incentives from applicants to make them sail in the process.  This has indeed resulted to the worst problems in that the productivity of the workers which is reflected in the worker’s output is very low which contributes to the decline of the company’s profits. Qualified people who would in turn have performed better in the positions are denied the chances just for the simple reasons that they are not known and that they did not oil any one’s hands. This problem eats both the ethical and the professional image of the company.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A BC marketing Company Recruitment and Selection Processes specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A rushed recruitment process The time set aside for the whole process of recruiting and selecting new workers in the company seems too short. This means rushing of the applicants through the selection process. This then results to the speculation and estimation of their abilities rather than giving them enough time to reveal their competence (Becker 2005: 45). This rush in the process contributes to a number of under qualified candidates who had the composure during the interview finding their way into the positions apart from the deserving ones who would have proven their worth when given the right conditions. This rush is dangerous in that only the people with instant appeal to the interviewers get the chances and they may necessarily not be the ideal candidates for the positions. Suitable solution for the problem In order to permanently deal with the problem in the recruitment and selection processes at ABC, the responsible people need to handle the causes in a manner that will ensure that none of them is left unattended. A good solution is to seek the services of experienced personnel such as that of recruitment firms. Successful companies just outsource these services and save a lot of resources and time (Huselid 1995: 67). Established recruitment agencies when entrusted with duties such as these ones by companies handle them to successful completion considering that they want to retain clients and a good name will obviously come to them when they handle the process successfully. Most recruitment firms have embraced state of the art technology when it comes to posting the jobs for their clients (Lee 2005: 5). They have as a result conducted a research to establish the places where they can post the job adverts to attract the majority number of applicants. The selection process therefore kicks off without any hurry, which in m ost times involve a number of interviews, some conducted through the phone, others online and others physically.  For effective results, those given the responsibility of contacting the recruiting firm should do that in time so that the process can utilize the time that it deserves.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, they should give a period of not less than four months to the recruitment firms to handle this considering that some of the applicants who may suite in the positions well may be committed elsewhere while still willing to take part in the process. Allocating enough time to these firms gives a chance for innovation in the manner in which they will conduct the process to ensure that they land at the best candidates for the positions (Breaugh 2005: 17). When given enough time, the recruitment firm will ensure that the posted positions that are clearly described to ensure that they attract applications from only the qualified people. Important descriptions that define the position correctly are left out or understated, which makes it impossible to trap the best candidates for such openings when the process is hurriedly done. According to Chapman (2003: 89), the worry of dealing with incompetent people fades in that the recruitment firms have very skilled personnel capable o f handling the process for any vacant position in the organization. The best firms handle more than one interview per day, which makes the interviewers very much aware of the nature of a variety of applicants to avoid the problems of choosing people based on first impressions.  Since most of the recruitment firms ask for a single package when conducting such processes for companies, ABC can surely save funds on this since they will rest assured of replacements whenever problems arise afterwards. This service happens in the initial package to the satisfaction of the company. Likely obstacles that may occur In most companies, bureaucracy is a major obstacle to the implementation of solutions aimed at initiating change. The approval of the strategies faces many formalities and steps to the extent of tempering with the timing of the venture (Boudreau, and Rynes 1985: 5). For an effective implementation of the solutions to the problems that ABC faces, there arises the need to deal with the characteristic bureaucracy of the company first. Corrupt officials who benefit in the process pose another big threat to the implementation of this solution. According to Becker, they may subject the process to a lack of cooperation and at times oppose the venture in favor of the initial protocols (2005: 65). This will however not pose a big threat afterwards considering that no one will doubt the efficiency of the solution after the analysis of the initial results. To deal with this completely, there arises the need to practice the importance of morals and the uplifting of professional ethics in the company (Ryan 2000: 9). This will ensure an effective dealing with anyone caught interfering with the process. The company’s human resource manager is supposed to be a person of integrity and outstanding morals who will show cooperation to the firm that the company outsources to handle the tasks. Conclusion It is only when the right people and the best for that matter are se lected to fill particular job openings in the company that the company experiences growth. The company administrators should then stop at nothing in ensuring satisfaction in the tackling of the recruitment and selection process since it holds the success as well as the future of the company or organizations (Barber 1998: 10). The company also benefits by saving time to deal with other issues and saving resources upon observing the right procedures during the process. Reference List Barber, A.E, Recruiting Employees: Individual and Organizational Perspectives.  Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.1998. Becker, T.E., ‘Development and validation of a situational judgment test of  Employee integrity’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 2005,  13: 225–32. Boudreau, J., and Rynes, S., ‘Role of recruitment in staffing utility analysis’,  Journal of Applied Psychology, 1985, 70: 354–66. Breaugh, J., ‘Research on employee recruitment: So many  Studies, so many remaining questions’, Journal of Management, 2005, 26: 405–34. Cable, D.M., and Turban, D.B, ‘Establishing the dimensions, sources and value  Of job seekers’ employer knowledge during recruitment’, in G.R. Ferris (ed) Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management. New York, NY: Elsevier Science. 2001, pp. 115–63. Chapman, D., ‘The use of technologies in the recruiting, screening, and selection  processes for job candidates’, International Journal of Selection and Assessment, 1993, 11: 113–20. Huselid, M., ‘The impact of human resource management practices on  turnover, productivity and corporate financial performance’, Academy of Management Journal, 1995, 38: 635–72. Lee, I., ‘The Evolution of E-Recruiting: A content analysis of Fortune 100 career  websites’, Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations, 2005, 3 (3): 57. Protosky, D., ‘Se lection testing via the Internet: Practical considerations and  exploratory empirical findings’, Personnel Psychology, 2004.  57: 1003–34. Ryan, A., ‘Applicants ‘perceptions of selection procedures  and decisions: A critical review and agenda for the future’, Journal of Management, 2000, 26: 565–606.

Revamp Your Resume 21 Mistakes to Avoid

Revamp Your Resume 21 Mistakes to Avoid 1. Broad, vague examples of work experienceâ€Å"Essentially,† â€Å"Basically,† â€Å"More or less† = I am trying to hide what my real job was and pretend I had a different job. Use numbers, facts, and measurable results to make the case that you were a productive and engaged employee.2. Listing duties instead of accomplishmentsThink about how to frame your sometimes mundane daily to-dos as achievements: â€Å"Successfully coordinated office staff meetings and payroll,† â€Å"Completed annual reorganization of the medical library on schedule and with innovative twist on the Dewey Decimal system†, etc.3. A watered-down, generic objectiveâ€Å"The opportunity of a lifetime† â€Å"The career that touches the hearts of America† â€Å"Great opportunity in office setting† â€Å"Seeking a desk with chair†If you can’t do better than these, skip the objective.4. A one-size-fits-all vibeI know it’s tempting to try to be the ideal candidate for any and every job that crosses your path, but the truth is it’s a) impossible and b) going to result in a super boring resume. Be your poised, professional self on the page- tailor your experience to the specific responsibilities the job seeks. Don’t try to be all things to all people.5. Incorrect contact informationMake sure your address, phone, and professional email (not skateboarderyahoo@hotmail.com, please) are all up to date and spelled correctly. You don’t want to lose a gig because they had to track you down by carrier pigeon.6. Too much creativityWhat so swirly fonts and elaborate stationary and clip art all have in common? They have no business migrating from your scrapbook to your resume. Keep it clean and sharp and polished. A resume  should not look like an art project.7. Typos and grammatical errorsHave an exceptionally literate friend read your resume. Then turn it upside down and read one line at a time with a ruler- it’s the best way to spot typos once your brain has started skimming from over-exposure.8. Emphasis on irrelevant previous positionsWhen I applied for my first editorial positions, I still had my Build-a-Bear Workshop summer on my resume. It came off immediately after I was hired. It was also buried on the second page right above my exemplary skills with Excel and Powerpoint.9. Excessive personal informationAvoid mentioning political affiliations, religious organizations, or any reference to being a â€Å"bright and hopeful spirit.† You never know what will be read as controversial or inappropriate, and you don’t want to find out by pushing someone’s â€Å"autodelete† button.10. â€Å"References available upon request.†Unless you are Captain Obvious applying for an unnecessary superhero job, this one comes with the territory. Presumably somewhere you have worked before there is at least one living soul who can verify your general fitness fo r employment.11. Salary history and/or salary requirementsIt’s like having dessert at a wedding- wait until it’s offered.12. â€Å"Resume† as the titleYour name should be front and center at the top of your resume, with the job you’re applying for as the optional â€Å"title† beneath your name.13. Your present employer’s letterheadI’ve been trying to decide whether this is tacky or just dumb for 10 minutes.14. More than 2 pagesAn important caveat here is if you’ve been asked to prepare a CV (curriculum vitae), which is most common in academic jobs- if they ask for everything, they want everything. Otherwise, curate and edit it down to 2 pages, max.15. Handwritten notes or correctionsOn my very first job application I was so nervous I kept having to white out my answers to routine questions like â€Å"Why do you want to work at the snack bar†. But then I was 12, and on the swim team, so I had an excuse. You are a grown up and it is 2015. You do not.16. Piling your job-related skills and experience at the bottomThis is really the only thing employers care about. They read everything else to be polite. Put it up top!17. Non-specific keywordsâ€Å"Enthusiastic.† â€Å"Focused.† â€Å"Detail-Oriented.† â€Å"Team Player.†Delete, delete, delete, delete.18. Old and outdated experienceAlways update your skills and your work history as soon as the offer letter is dry; if you’re filling in gaps due to illness or family obligations, see if you can capture the experience you gained from volunteer opportunities to cover time when you would ordinarily have been working.19. Pictures of yourselfI recently read about a Portland Trailblazer’s cheerleading audition. They had to turn in headshots. And their measurements. It was grim. Unless you’re heading to a dance callback, ditch the selfies. Don’t describe your physical characteristics or appearance either.20. Honorable mentionsHigh school certificates, participation ribbons, scholarly awards (unless you’re going for a job with some research components), eating contests, beauty pageants†¦ unless somehow you know for 100% sure it’s relevant, leave it off and stick to the transferable skills.21. Reasons why you left a company or positionThe time to finesse â€Å"I flipped my boss’s desk over and kicked the copier down the stairs† is in your second in-person interview, if you get one (mention your â€Å"uncontainable passion† for your job). On your resume, don’t get defensive or feel like you need to explain your start and stop dates.  Resume Mistakes – 21 Things NOT To Include On Your Resume  Read More at www.medreps.com

Nick DiChario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nick DiChario - Essay Example (Nick DiChario.com)His short fiction has appeared in science fiction, fantasy, mystery, and the following publications in the United States: The Year's Best Science Fiction, The Year's Best Fantasy and Horror, and The Best Alternate History Stories of the 20th Century, among many others. (www.cybling.com, Nick DiChario as guest). DiChario has also been nominated for a John W. Campbell Award, two Hugo Awards, and a World Fantasy Award. In addition to writing stories, some of his plays have been presented in Geva Theatre's Regional Playwrights Festival in upstate New York, and he is the workshop coordinator for Writers & Books. (Id.) It is clear that DiChario does not take himself too seriously which may be the reason why his writing is so successful. He chatted on a blog with fans from the Green Room at "Chicon, the 58th Annual World Science Fiction Convention". Research across the web also indicates that he enjoys the feedback that he receives from his fans and avidly writes back. The largest impression that I received from this novel was that it made me wonder what would happen if I were in Tink's shoes. A small and remarkable life is a fitting title to this novel because in the grand scheme of life, Tink's could hardly be considered influential. However, it was remarkable in that we have a wonderful impression of what it would be like to be a fish out of water. The adaptation has suffocated a person, and DiChario shows us what it would be like realistically for an alien. Based on his description, I guess it would be the same for us if we ever visited "Wetspace". This novel tells us the story of Tink Puddah, a strange being mostly conveniently referred to as the "foreigner". Tink comes to us from a place called "Wetspace". It looks like Tink may be the child of Nif and Ru, also two aliens from "Wetspace". The Three have decided to come to earth and adapt themselves to the planet and its' people in the mid 1800's. I also thought that it was interesting to begin the story with Tink's funeral. I loved the idea of the preacher being the public enemy instead of the alien. In fact in his review of the book, Corey Redkop from "Shelf Monkey states "DiChario propels the story through startling imagery that pays homage to the tenets of the genre while at the same time raising the bar". The novel allows us to examine our own conscious while enjoying science fiction at the same time. It also demonstrates that all persons are fallible. One of the most interesting aspects of this book is that it is a "first contact" novel. Taking the form of a 'first-contact' novel (i.e. a story based on the presumption of Earth's first contact with an alien life form), this really does seem like we are almost experiencing this story ourselves. What I appreciate most about this novel is that despite the subject matter, we are still taken through unexpected roads which for a moment seem ludicrous, yet after thought are log ical. My favorite quote from this novel is: "Their metamorphosis had begun-they had each developed two miniature spherical structures of jelly-like eyes with which to see the new world. Bodies shrinking, rounding, bending. Bones to support the eco-matter. Small, bipedal, humanoid creatures they would become. Atoms, molecules, joints, nails, skin, glands, hormones,