Shift from keynesianism to neoliberalism

Shift from keynesianism to neoliberalismHow has the paradigmatic shift from Keynesianism to Neoliberalism impacted on modern society?The shift from Keynesianism to Neoliberalism represented a variety show from a social democratic mixed economy to a fundamentalist market-first approach. This essay testament firstly outline what Neoliberalism means and some of its arguments in reverse to Keynesianism. It will then go on to show how privatisation has been ineffective in achieving Neoliberals intended aims. Thirdly it will examine the falsities of trickle down theory and in the end it will explain the negative effects of Neoliberal globalisation. I conclude that the overall impact of Neoliberalism has been negative.Neoliberalism as a philosophy is based around the principles of individualism, liberty of choice, market security, laissez faire, and minimal Government. These values provide a theoretical grounding for their challenge to Keynesian welfarism which sought to achieve an ext ensive eudaimonia state and intact employment. Neoliberals claim that the free market, with minimal government interference, would provide the most efficient and socially optimal allocation of resources. They therefore advocate the privatisation and deregulation of public serve as a way of removing inefficiencies through promoting competition. Cuts in public expenditure and taxation also minimise interferences in the market. For this reason they also seek to lop the powers of trade unions and hold down wages. They embrace the inequality these policies inevitably create the theoretical justification being that higher incomes for the rich and higher profits will lead to more investment, indirectly creating jobs and improving public assistance for everyone this is known as a trickle down effect. These values of minimal interference translate on an international level to support for free trade in goods and service, free circulation of capital, and free investment Neoliberals main tain that globalisation therefore is beneficial to everyone. Keynes on the separate hand saw national-level expansion as the route to prosperity (Dumenil and Levy, 2005, p. 24 George, 1999, pp. N/A Larner, 2000, pp. 5-25 Neale, 2008, p. 125 Robbins cited in Shah, 2009, pp. N/A Tabb, 1999, pp. 138-143).Privatisation of public services has not increased efficiency as Neoliberals claimed it would, but has in fact done the opposite. This is because public services tend to be natural monopolies, when the minimum size of it to guarantee maximum economic efficiency through economies of scale is equal to the actual size of the market. This efficiency means the provision of the highest quality service at the lowest appeal to the consumer. When such industries are privatised, they remain monopolies, only not ones controlled by accountable governments. The new owners therefore impose high prices on the public while press clipping corners on the services provided (George, 1999, pp. N/A). Th is means also that there has been a huge transfer of wealth from public to private hands. In 1984 public companies contributed 7 billion pounds to the treasury, but now that money is going to the financial institutions and large investors that own the vast majority of the shares in privatised companies (George, 1999, pp. N/A).Neoliberalism has also been proven do by in that the trickle down effect has failed to materialise. Thatchers break up of the trade unions, which meant workers had less power to bargain for higher wages, alongside her tax reforms, which involved massive tax cuts for the rich, had the desired effect of moving money up the economic ladder (George, 1999, pp. N/A). Yet this did not translate into improved general welfare and higher levels of employment as had been predicted, but in fact to the extension over time of slow growth and unemployment (Dumenil and Levy, 2005, p. 18). This issuanceed in the number of people life sentence in poverty increasing dramatica lly, from one person in ten prior to her administration to one in four by the end of the major years. Similarly in the USA, from the beginning to the end of Reagans terms in office, the income of the poorest ten percent of Americans decreased by 15% (George, 1999, pp. N/A). This can be explained by Keynes, who counters the intellect that lowering wages leads to greater employment by encouraging employers to hire more workers. He contends that although lower wages for a few aptitude have this effect, if this were generalised, it would reduce the purchasing power of the earners who are also customers, leading to a lower aggregate demand for goods and services, and thus a fall in the level of production and employment (Keynes cited in Tabb, 1999, p. 143). The transfer of wealth up the economic ladder via any means, to those who already have most of the things they need, does not result in increased local or national consumption and thus growth, but to speculation on international st ock markets (George, 1999, pp. N/A).The freedom of investment and capital movement associated with Neoliberal globalisation, has been disastrous. It has systematically undermined democratic control over economic, as well as other issues. Governments in the modern globalised era avow on attracting Foreign Direct Investment for economic growth, and so in the name of international competitiveness they are forced to abandon their commitments to inclusive welfare systems and full employment, replacing them with an emphasis on economic efficiency. Governments must also abandon other barriers to profitability, which include democratically decided social and environmental regulations. The present threat of capital relocation has led to a race to the bottom in wages and working standards among third world nations, as they desperately sample to lure investment (Larner, 2000, pp. 5-25 Woodin and Lucas, 2004, pp. 9-48).In conclusion, this essay has exposed the theoretical underpinnings of Ne oliberalism as false by highlighting its effects since its first implementation in the 1980s. The idea that the unfettered market would lead to improved social welfare through trickle down is clearly wrong, as the increased levels of poverty and unemployment clearly demonstrate. Also, the want that privatisation would improve the efficiency of public services was misplaced, due to their position as natural monopolies. Furthermore, on an international level, Neoliberal policies have stifled democracy. The transition out-of-door from Keynesianism therefore has had negative effects overall on society.Dumenil, G. and Levy, D. (2005) Costs and Benefits of Neoliberalism A Class Analysis In Epstein, G. A. (ed.) Financialization and the World Economy. Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 17-45George, S. (1999), A Short History of Neoliberalism online. http//www.tni.org/es/node/66533 Accessed 21/03/2010Larner, W. (2000) Neo-liberalism policy, ideology, governmentality. Studies in politi cal economy, Vol. 63 5-25Neale, J. (2008) Stop spheric Warming Change the World. London Bookmarks Publications. p. 125Shah, A. (2009) A Primer on Neoliberalism. Global Issues online. http//www.globalissues.org/article/39/a-primer-on-neoliberalism Accessed 21/03/2010Tabb, W. K. (1999) Restructuring Political Economy. London Routledge. pp. 132-153Woodin, M. and Lucas, C. (2004) Green Alternatives to Globalisation A Manifesto. London Pluto Press. pp. 3-63

Integrative Counselling Using the Skilled Helper Approach

Integrative Counselling Using the consummate abetter _or_ abettor ApproachThe Skilled Helper ApproachOutlineThis paper is about combinative guidance employ the skilled helper move up. In this paper we will discuss the theory and follow through of the integrative cast of the skilled helper and comp unmatch adequate to(p)nts of person centred way and solution focus therapy. We will look at this integrative cast and the benefits as surface as the possible d possesssides. A casing study will then be presented victimisation this integrative model to counsel the guest.IntroductionIntegrative counselling looks at several(prenominal) approaches that have been combined and use within a therapeutic counselling birth. Coming away from a single counselling approach and combining suited models of counselling, both the counsellor and lymph gland reap the benefits of the integrated model (Arkowitz, 1997). Robertson (1970) stated that his radical eclecticism bypassed theory.Introduc tion Gerald EganGerald Egan is professor of organisation studies and psychological science and programme director for the centre for organisation development (CORD) at the Loyola University of Chicago. Egan developed the skill helper model and in 1975 published the first edition of his curb The Skilled Helper , which demonstrateding an eclectic frame add for a problem management approach to the counselling hightail it out.The Integrative counsellorThere atomic number 18 counsellors that see themselves as being eclectic in their work. It is viewed they be syncretism-using techniques from many modelsRZ1. Eclecticism no or little theoretical rationaleRZ2. Merely pulling techniques from many models without a big(a) rationale layabout provided result in syncretistic confusion (Lazarus, 1996, 1996 Lazarus, Beutler, Norcrossk, 1992).Development of TherapyThe three main influences on the development are the skills training approaches to counselling, the amiccapable influence th eory, and conductal theories of learning and mixture. Egan sums his approach up as A conceptual framework. to organise borrowed ideas, methods and techniques systematically and to integrate them into ones own theory and employment of helpingRZ3..TheoryThe skilled helper model is a Tran theoretical approach to integration. The lymph gland seeks counselling or assistance when they are experiencing difficulties in coping with problems in his or hertheir lifeves. The Counsellor will find and act on solutions to these problems. This is through by using a problem solving process. The process is demonstrated by using 3 three main stages which originally were titled Exploration, Understanding and Action, and which are now renamed as Present Scenario, Preferred Scenario and Getting ThereRZ4.The Three lay out ModelThe three stage model consists of three steps within three stages. Egan describes this model as A a cognitive map with operable potential, complex enough to make sense of real ity and simple enough to useRZ5..1 Present ScenarioThe node is helped to describe and explore the present ScenarioRZ6,she is going through at present2The Preferred ScenarioArticulate a preferred scenario that includes future goalsaAnd objectives.3Getting ThereDevelop and implement action strategies forrom movingfrom the current to preferred scenario.The Skilled Helper Model is integrative, going mainly through three stages. Person centered, to establish the therapeutic relationship, Gestalt, for intense work on awareness and demeanor therapy to work on change. Egan states do whatever is ethical and works. (199062). (Robertson (1979) stated that his radical eclecticism bypassed theory. The writerRZ7 argues that theory is evident within the approach as it is influenced by untroubled theoretical approaches integrated into the skilled helper.Dr Carl Rogers argues that It is the guest who knows what is hurting and in the final analysis it is the client who knows how to move forewardo rds ... the counsellors task is to enable the client to make contact with his own inner resources rather than to guide, advise or in some other way influence the direction the client should shine . Thus thus emphasising the central importance of the clients phenomenological world. (Mearns Thorne, 1988, P1).The three stage model is a systematic way of learning to work with clients helping them to cope to a greater extent tellingly with their life,. tTo manage their problems in living to a greater extent effectively and develop unused opportunities to a greater extent fully, and to help people conk out better at helping themselves in their everyday lives. (Egan G., The Skilled Helper, 1998, pp. 7-8). Using the approach counsellors are able to explore the clients feelings, thinking and demeanor.In stages one and two, clients are helped to explore and understand themselves their feelings and their world better, and in a different light. In stage 3 three, clients are helped to p olish off effective action to achieve constructive change.Assumptions of the ModelSome counsellors see the skilled helper model as being basic counselling and a paradigm that is do more complicated than necessary. Egan is slightly contrary about human natureRZ8 ..Egan and Cowan 1979RZ9Egan and Cowan 1979, 1980 Egan, 1984RZ10The focus of the skilled helper model is concentratesd on the client, with the aid of counsellor, in enabling the client to develop new skills of egotism management, interpersonal communication, and decision making. The counsellor and client wWorking together on strategies to bring about change, and they. examine Looking at what the client would desire to change or manage differently.Psychological HealthThe heart of the problem solving process is the clients action itself (Egan, (1975227). This is achievable by enabling the client to tell his or her storey. The skilled helper model is one that sees the potential of change to take place in clients (Inskipp, 199 392), w. Where the client shi8fts their behaviour from unhealthy to healthy to juvinateRZ11 positive change. kind comes about through action The heart of the problem-solving process is the clients action itself (Egan, 19752227RZ12). This is by way of the client letting goRZ13.Change begins to take place when the client is presumptuousness space to tell his or her their storey. In telling of the storey, the resources for change areis identified and used. Client The client is helped to reframe by eyesight the story and, situations in a different light, seeing him or heerself as a survivor rather than a victim. However, simply Just wanting change to take place is not sufficient. The cClient must be active in the process of change by way of adapting his or her behaviour through action, rebuke and new learning. Constructive change is always the bottom line. (Egan 1990207).Practice and clinical issuesThe counsellor has to be effective in the way the approach is used. Helpers are roar ing to the degree that their clients because of client helper interactions are in a better position to manage specific problem situations and develop specific unused resources and opportunities more effectively. (Egan, 19987). The role of the counsellor is to assist the client in understanding his or hertheir storey and /problem, and assist with skills that will aid their client in being effective in the management of particular challenging situations.The gGoals of the counsellor in the relationship are to build and empathic alliance, to assist, identify, support and to evaluate.Counsellors use of the ModelUnderstand and confidence of the 3 stage model with a willingness to adjust to accommodate the clients necessitatesRZ14. Counsellor works with the client in the here and now. Some of the skills used would be their natural internal supervisor and , att breaking skills, through awareness and use of the mnemonic SOLAR (squarely, open, learn, eye, relaxed). For non verbal communic ation, using the model as a template for change, the counsellor worksing therapeutically at the clients pace using assessment skills, identifying if the degree of difficulty see by the client gets in the way of achieving change in mood and relationships.Making a contract with client, focusses of the work, nature and frequency of contact, confidentiality and possible limitations of it, review and evaluationRZ15. military rating is ongoing through sessions as this helps identify what is /or is not helpful during the session.Use of skill through communicationThe counsellor engages with the client attendingRZ16, active listening, establishing and transferral empathy and the use of probes and questioning, immediacy, and appropriate self disclosure to client. Brain storming is a cognitive way of helping client to look at new perspectives on situations. think generates hope that thisRZ17 can be different this helps client to move foreward into work creatively. The cCounsellor can eng age with the client using a variety of different skills, such(prenominal) as . Prompting what do you really want for yourself in this situation, miracle Miracle Ququestion brief therapy, Blank wall visualisation NLP (DeShezer, 1988 OConnor and McDermott, 1996)0.Goal setting and reviewing helps client to see hopes as goals that are SMARTRZ18, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-limited.Change ProcessEgan takes his process of change from the behavioural approach (Wopolfe et al., 198911). Seeing behavioural change over cognitive changeRZ19. The counsellor uses empathy to anatomy a strong working alliance with the client through the exploration of feelings. The exploration of feelings plays the main part in effecting for change to take place. Within an article about change showedOne source identifies three3 agents for change stated affective experiencing, cognitive mastery and behavioural regulation (Karasu 1986690). RZ20 These three3 agents play a major part in the skilled helper approach for change to take place.Nature of therapeutic relationshipEgan sees that the therapeutic relationship is instrumental in the counselling process. Working to achieve goals within specific time restrains the counsellor takes on the role ofRZ21 . A relationship of attend, not an end in itself (Egan 199057). Whereby Rogers argues that the therapeutic relationship is fundamental in the counselling processRZ22.As part of the skilled helper approach, Egan incorporated Rogers core conditions. Egan describes himself as standing on Rogers shouldersRZ23, owing much to him as the core conditions is a major part of the approach. Rogers, on the other hand, concentrates on the person as a whole human-being. There are many differences amongst the two approaches (see Table 9.1).Format of a typical sessionEach session is different as there are is no set format. Tthe process depends on where the client is with the process of change.Indications and contraindicationsThis approach is similar to the cognitive and behavioural approaches. The model is only beneficial for clients with mild to moderate conditions. The approaches concentrates itself onwith the client having the motivation to change and test out feelings and perceptions in a new framework.The model can be used with most clients and situations including depression ()Mynors-Wallis et al., 1995 Sseeley et al., 1996), and working with young people (Mabey and Sorensen, 1995).The model is described as being eclectic (Inskipp and Johns, 1984).Weakness of ModelThe model can be iInflexible, not fitted for clients with deep roouted problems, and there is little interrogation to verify its efficacyRZ24. Although the problem management programme is beneficial, it may have to be modified to fit some cultures.Obstacles to IntegrationWithin Tthe development and usage of an integrative mode,l as opposed to a single model, has its drawbacks and possible pitfalls. Hastily combining counselling models on a at whim just because the models separately are pleasing does not necessarily not lend itself to necessarily be combined successful combinationly into an integrated model.No one theory or model can testify that it ey holds athe patent off the truth. No one single model or set of techniques have or can always be effective with diverse clients. Nonetheless, tThere is a current trend, as the basis for future counselling practices writers are developing integrative approaches (Lazarus, 1996RZ25). Some models of counselling integration are The Skilled Helper Model, Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) and the Conversational Model.There are times, however (dependent on the client) when a single established integrative model may be used. For the purpose of this essay an example of the Skilled Helper model will be the main integrative model.Case StudyIntroductionThis case study looks at the use of the skilled helper model with Lisa, a 16 stratum old college student on a one year base course. Her problem is that she finds herself more and more angry. Every week there is an aggressive situation at college between Lisa and her peers or with members of the college staff. She has been officially warned twice and is in great jeopardy of being thrown off her course and out of college. Throughout many of her comprehensive school life she has been expelled from several schools because of her behaviour. It was recommended by the assimilator Support Manager that Lisa attend some sessions of counselling to get herself sorted outRZ26. This was an option recommended to herim as an alternative to expelling her.expulsion.TheoryHelping relationships are influenced by whether the helper is a trained counsellor or is using counselling skills as part of performing another role. Helping relationships takes place in the gallery and in the heart, as well as face to face. Ultimately all helping relationships need to become client self helping relationships. (Nelson-Jones, 1999, P.118)Stage o ne looks at the problems, issues, concerns, and undeveloped opportunities for Lisa.Lisa agreed to attend counselling, this was not a new experience for her. She had previously received counselling and anger management several times and stated, Tthey dont work..Assessment and Contracting took place during the first session. Lisa was listened to, enabling her to tell her storey of what brought her to counselling and the lead up to it. During the session, probing was used to discover that Lisa tangle alone even though it appeared she had many friends. She was the leader of her girl gang. Not real friends, they dont know me. Theyre only with me because I fight for them. Some of them are bigger than me.. She felt unlove by her mother because there was no discipline and they only encouragement dedicaten was for her to stand up for herself. Her dad has fatigued geezerhood in and out of prison. Lisa felt ugly and was often told that she wasso. She dressed in boys clothes and kept her h emangioma simplex blond hair (which almost reached halfway down her back) secured with an elastic band. She had an older sister who was 20, who had changed her religion and was preparing to marry within into a Muslim family. Lisa had two jr. brothers that seemed to get away with ruling the household with their demands. Lisa proudly carried a small photograph around with her of her deceased sister, the only person she really felt loved by, and the only one she loved. With more gentle probing, it became apparent that her sister died as a baby two years before Lisa was bornRZ27. Her past time is spent hanging out with her friends and at times purposely causing trouble. She left school with no formal qualifications, and therefore was placed on a foundation course which she found did not hold her attention as she got through her work quickly. and so Aas she could move foreward, Lisa found she was helping other students in the course of action with their workRZ28.Lisa is asked what do yo u really want for yourself in this situation? Brainstorming technique is used to look at course and career options. Lisa looks into the future of how she would love to be an accountant as she is very good at maths, or even an actressRZ29. In the past she had thought that someone akin her would not have the prospect to do either, but she was happy to look at moving foreward.A mental list was used for the client to come up with some of the things she would like to change. She realises that she is on the wrong course and comes to know that by accepting support from the educational guidance worker and Foundation studies manager she may be able to change her course to one that will be pitched at a higher level to do business studies and accounts. She also realises if she had toned her behaviour down at school for the last few weeks before the end of term, she would not have been expelledRZ30 and would have through her exams at school rather than boastful up her 9 GCSEs even though a n alternative school was offered for her to take her exams. Her estimated grades were mainly Bs and Cs.3 sessions Llisa seems agitated, feeling she has to no choice but to come. options givenRZ31. Fears of exclusion, no qwualifications, failureRZ32The counsellor gave aAssurances that given everything is confidential with the exception of disclosures to child protection agencies, or in the case of imminent harm to self and others. The counsellor also eExplained counselling is not a prescription n, she not does not have to come, the decision will be hers, no implications with or from college staffRZ33.By telling her storey at the placeRZ34 she has more insight into the issues she faced. She sees herself as helpful, hardworking and a good communicator.The model of the skilled helper is explained more fully to clients recess of the process within the model used. Learnt basic features of model for focus, direction, guidance interactions with peearsRZ35.Stage 1 Step 1 Tthe storeyClien t tells her storey which is facilitated by me using probes, this encourages the client to offer detailed information about herself. This enables client to understand her situation, so as she can look at what needs to be done to manage it.Goal setting What do I really want?Step 1b Blind spotLisa is helped to identify signifcicant blind spots about herself so as she can develop new perspectives in moving foreward. This is used to break through areas that prevent Llisa from seeing herself and her situationRZ36.Step 1c Cchoosing right problem to work onn.Lisa has many problems, I hHelped her work on problems that will make a substantial difference in her life. The client is encouraged and supported in working on her problems.The questionsRZ37 help Llisa to look into her future. Lisa discovers there are many things she wants there is a , right course for her, one that she is interested in and can enjoy. She can enjoy bBetter relationships with peers and staff. She can enjoy tTime for herself and her mom.Lisa was fFurther encouraged to look at needs and prioritise them. Overall she needs to feel she is achieving academically, making progress in relationships with family, and she would like to change her image be a girly girl..Setting priorities help her to think about how she might achieve them. I then helped her to explore and clarify her priorities. Tthis is done by asking her how would she know she is achieving, what would it look like. The type of course is then explored in the areas of accountancy and performing arts and which one would be more suitable for her needs and wants, and by. looking at which one is more practicael and achievable.Stage 3 Developing action strategies.At the beginning of counselling, mentoring support group work was offered to Lisa. This service was offered again to clientRZ38. She breaks through some blind spots, getting a better understanding of and prioriitising her needs, as well as. eExploring what she needs to do to get wha t she wants. Lisa talks more about her hoped for ambitions prioritising accountancy, making contact with the college guidance worker to see what she would need to get onto a course. On being an actress, it was decided by the client that she would need to attend sage school or the performing arts course at college. We explored each profession, looking at pay, reliability, enjoyability, the possibility that it would possibly help form good character, as well as career endurance. Accountancy took priority, coming out on top in Lisas evaluation. This also linked into the point that the client enjoys and excels in maths and has experienced accounts at school., Armed with this information, the client contacted her personal tutor and foundations manager. She put her case forward to them them both to be able to be transferred onto an accountancy or business studies course with administration. Giving the client space to do this contributed to her empowerment.The mentoring group consisted of eight 8 students, 16 18 years of age. This gave students a safe place to explore her feelings about her relationships and her body image. She Lisa bravely asked Ddo your moms help you with your hair and make up? Ttalk to you about boys? The questions generated much conversing over two sessions. As a result of the group, work the hair, beauty and holistic therapy departments were approached. Client wanted to be a gfirly girl, which meant she wanted help in knowing how to flair her hair, and to apply put make-up on. Sessions for a course of holistic therapy to help with stress were arranged. these therapies helped her to physically see herself in comparison to whathow she had imagined within her own mind.By being a valued member of the weekly group, the client found she was able to receive support as well as give it, leaving her feeling empowered. Being actionRZ39 in her therapy has allowed her to concentrate on her course, career prospects, and image, which leads to improved personal conduct, relationship with peers, members of staff and mother, thereby. rReducing the anger and sometimes hate she felt for herself and resentment towards her mother.Client Lisa eventually moves out of the group, as she feels less angry and stressed. Although client she may have benefited from staying for one or two more sessions, the end of session evaluation was that the client felt that she had sufficiently improved and wanted to withdraw therefore the helping process had served its purpose (. Waehler and Lenox (1994)). Therefore Hher relationships are more productive and enjoyable she is. feeling better about herself as she knows some of the feelingss and views of her peers as they saw her . hHow she was and how she can be. by way of a connextiosRZ40 worker client is being helped to communication her needs to her mother taki

Fear of Failure in The Catcher In The Rye Essay -- Catcher Rye Essays

Fear of Failure in The Catcher In The Rye Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salingers novel, The Catcher In The Rye, feels that he needs to protect people around him, because he failed to protect his brother Allie from death. Holden feels that he has to care for those close to him. He watches over Jane, Phoebe, and even Mrs. Murrow when he meets her on the train. Holden tries to shield these people from distress. He does non want to fail anyone else. Returning back home from getting kicked out of Pencey, Holden meets the mother of Ernest Murrow, a classmate of his, on the train. They introduce themselves and start talking about Ernest and how he is like in school. Holden did not tell Mrs. Murrow about Ernests misbehavior at school because he did not want her to think negatively of her son. Holden feels that he is a failure and that his consume parents are ashamed of him. He does not want Mrs.Murrow to feel ashamed of her own son and so he lies to her. He wanted to protect her from the truth about her son Her son was doubtless the bigges...

An Analysis of the Legality of Abortion :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

An Analysis of the Legality of AbortionIn Abortion and Social Justice, Dennis Horan, J.D. et alii argue The Legal Case For the Unborn Child Abortion is not a private case. The destruction of human life, even incipient or developing human life in the womb, can never be considered a private matter under our law. The contention that it is a private matter would be too ludicrous and absurd to even argue were it not so often congeal forth under such intellectually impeccable auspices. Would those civil libertarians who argue that abortion is a private matter, argue that the exercise of civil rights is purely a private matter between the Black man and the man that thwarts them? Certainly not. Just as the civil right to vote must be defend by law, so too the most fundamental and basic of all civil rights - the Right to Life - must be protected by law.(105) In her book, Abortion and Dialogue Pro-Choice, Pro-Life, and American Law, Ruth Colker explains why Roe v. Wade is considered an act ivist decision Second, it Roe v. Wadeset the tone for how activist the Court would be in our lives. quite a than simply rule for the plaintiff in Roe v. Wade, thereby invalidating the challenged Texas abortion statute, the Court outlined the parameters of a constitutional abortion statute. In opposite words, the Court drafted a model statute rather than simply striking down the Texas statute. Such judicial involvement in legislative activity is considered to be highly activist because the Court, in a sense, is displacing the legislatures role in society. Such activisim is often criticized for interfering with legislative dialogue, because the judiciary, an undemocratic institution, has substituted its judgment for that of the legislature. (102) Former president Ronald Reagan in his book, Abortion and the Conscience of the Nation, states how the Roe v. Wade decision is a violation of the Constitution Make no mistake, aboriton-on-demand is not a right granted by the Constitution. No serious scholar, including one disposed to agree with the Courts result, has argued that the framers of the Constitution intended to create such a right. Shortly after the Roe v. Wade decision, professor John Hart Ely, now Dean of Stanford Law School, wrote that the opinion is not constitutional law and gives almost no sense of an obligation to try to be. nowhere do the plain words of the Constitution even hint at a right so sweeping as to permit abortion up to the time the child is ready to be born.

Microsoft shares the wealth :: essays research papers

Why MICROSOFT decided to pay dividends in 2003?1.1 The company might see itself stepping in Maturity Stage -Harder to grow, r dismantleue growth slide downInvestors buy stock for one of two reasons either it leave alone grow in esteem or pay a dividend. If a company stops growing, stockholders testament demand a dividend. If they dont get it, they will sell their stock. In the history, Microsoft enjoyed incredible growth, so dividend was unnecessary. Recent Microsoft dividends may tell us that the company has ended its growth phase and is now a mature company. -More competitions from Open source like Linux and distribute officeWindows and Office continue to supply most of Microsofts profit. But that profit is being squeezed as to a greater extent and more companies are using Linux servers and even Linux desktops. For example, China is developing its own OS (Operating System) and planning to use for the whole country (their intention is to keep Microsoft away from the country). T he company has been forced to slash worths for near key customers to avoid large scale defections, which leads to difficulties to locate the right price because high price may reduce the market share, but low price to compete against open source may reduce its core revenue.1.2 Expecting the stock price will increase after dividends paid - Investors can buy more sharesExperts say most investors will also likely use the extra cash to buy more shares. And theres no guarantee the investors will spend money in the economy. Indeed, most investors will probably reinvest it or keep it in a cash account at their brokerage.- Stocks buyback form _or_ system of government from Microsoft itselfEven if Microsoft use Optimal Distribution Policy in which there is a balance between cash dividends (well-nigh 32 billions USD) and stock repurchase (around 30 billions USD). This may affect the decrease in stock price a little while after the announcement of dividend payout, however investors still ho pe for the ascent price in the future.1.3 The company reserves the great amount of cash liquidityAs we can see from the article that Microsoft can pay around 32 billions USD for cash dividend, 30 billions USD for stocks repurchase and another 3 billions USD, for the goodness, to Bill & Melinda Gates foundation.Agree / Disagree with the decision, explain why?AGREE becauseIAs the company is reaching the maturity stage, dividend payout is another option instead of company growth onlyI30 billion USD buy back will contribute to keep the stock value up and make investors happy

Failure In Ethan Frome :: essays research papers

The main theme of the book Ethan Frome is tribulation. It is shown in three delegacys throughout the story Ethans marriage, him not being able to stand up to Zeena, and his involvement in the "smash up".Ethan marries Zeena so he wont be alone after his mother dies. She seemed like a very cheerful, vivacious mortal while his mother was sick. After their marriage all this changed. She became a very nagging, sick wife. Because of Zeenas "complications" they had to hire someone to help around the house. Mattie, Zeenas cousin, requisite a enthrone to live and seemed fit for the job. She moved in and Ethan took and immediate liking to her. He found someone that cared for him, was always happy, and could share his youth. All of which, Zeena was incapable of doing. Ethan longed to be with Mattie, entirely he was loyal to Zeena. Being married to Zeena was Ethans first failure.Ethans second failure was not standing up to Zeena. She claimed the doctor said that she was ex tremely sick and needed more help around the house. She told him without any discussion that Mattie had to go. Ethan could not find the words to make her alter her decision. Zeena also decided that Mattie had to leave the next day. It was give tongue to in the book that Zeena had the upper hand in the house by the line "Now she Zeena had mastered him Ethan and he obeyed her." Ethan could not find the right things to say, and it was because of his failure of not being able to stand up to his wife that he was going to lose the only thing that made him happy.Ethans last failure was the way he modified his and Matties lives regarding the "smash up". He wanted to run away with Mattie, but he could not because his practical sense told him it was not feasible to do so. Mattie wanted so desperately to be with Ethan that she suggested in order to stay together forever, to die together. It was Ethans job to steer into the tree with the sled so that it looked like an accident al death.

Planet Comparison- Uranus and Neptune :: essays research papers

major planet Comparison ReportUranusUranus was discovered in 1781 by Sir William Herschel. He at first wanted to name the planet Sidus Georgium which is Latin for Georges star subsequently the king of England. Another astronomer Johann Bode advised Herschel against it and suggested instead that he use a name from Greco-Roman mythology alike all other planets. So Uranus was given its name which is the father of Saturn.Uranus is one of the Jovian planets and like the others it has a short rotation period. Uranuss day is 17.2 hours. Its innovation around the sun that is slightly more than 84 years. It is the seventh planet from the sun at a distance of 1.78 billion miles.Uranus is about 4 times the diameter of flat coat at 46,700km. Its mass is 15 times that of earth at 8.68*10 kg. The axial tilt of this planet is one of the virtually unusual things about it. It is tilt 98 degrees which classifies it as being in retrograde rotation. Uranus is also unique because it has the most inclined charismatic field. The surface magnetic field is 74 part that of the earth. The surface gravity on Uranus is 8.87 m/s. The atmosphere of Uranus is thick with a lot of hydrogen, helium, and methane. It has a very woeful density, the mean density is 1271 kg/m. Uranus lacks any really significant internal heat source and it mean surface temperature is 58 K.To date Uranus has been make to have 21 satellites quad of which have yet to be named and 11 rings.News ArticlesFrom Regulatory Intelligence Data.Title Release 99-47 Huge Spring Storms depose Uranus From Winter Hibernation check 03/29/99NASAs Hubble Space telescope showed that for the first time seasonal changes on Uranus. From ScienceNOWTitle New moon for Uranus Date 05/19/99A new moon was discovered for Uranus that had previously been overlooked for 13 years. As of 1999 this discovery brought the total of Uranuss satellites to 18.NeptuneNeptune was discovered through and through a discrepancy in Uranuss orbit. Uranus s orbit was not moving how astronomers predicted it would. They could not find an elliptical orbit that fit Uranuss trajectory. They and so assumed that there had to be another planet thats gravitational pull was effecting Uranus. Johann Galle was the first to find Neptune in 1846, even though many in the beginning him had mathematically predicted where this new planet would be. The planet was named Neptune and two astronomers who had predicted mathematically where it would be are credited with finding it not Galle.Planet Comparison- Uranus and Neptune essays research papers Planet Comparison ReportUranusUranus was discovered in 1781 by Sir William Herschel. He at first wanted to name the planet Sidus Georgium which is latin for Georges star after the king of England. Another astronomer Johann Bode advised Herschel against it and suggested instead that he use a name from Greco-Roman mythology like all other planets. So Uranus was given its name which is the father of Saturn.Uran us is one of the Jovian planets and like the others it has a short rotation period. Uranuss day is 17.2 hours. Its revolution around the sun however is slightly more than 84 years. It is the seventh planet from the sun at a distance of 1.78 billion miles.Uranus is about 4 times the diameter of earth at 46,700km. Its mass is 15 times that of earth at 8.68*10 kg. The axial tilt of this planet is one of the most unusual things about it. It is tilted 98 degrees which classifies it as being in retrograde rotation. Uranus is also unique because it has the most inclined magnetic field. The surface magnetic field is 74 percent that of the earth. The surface gravity on Uranus is 8.87 m/s. The atmosphere of Uranus is thick with a lot of hydrogen, helium, and methane. It has a very low density, the mean density is 1271 kg/m. Uranus lacks any really significant internal heat source and it mean surface temperature is 58 K.To date Uranus has been found to have 21 satellites four of which have yet to be named and 11 rings.News ArticlesFrom Regulatory Intelligence Data.Title Release 99-47 Huge Spring Storms Rouse Uranus From Winter HibernationDate 03/29/99NASAs Hubble Space telescope showed that for the first time seasonal changes on Uranus. From ScienceNOWTitle New moon for Uranus Date 05/19/99A new moon was discovered for Uranus that had previously been overlooked for 13 years. As of 1999 this discovery brought the total of Uranuss satellites to 18.NeptuneNeptune was discovered through a discrepancy in Uranuss orbit. Uranuss orbit was not moving how astronomers predicted it would. They could not find an elliptical orbit that fit Uranuss trajectory. They therefore assumed that there had to be another planet thats gravitational pull was effecting Uranus. Johann Galle was the first to find Neptune in 1846, even though many before him had mathematically predicted where this new planet would be. The planet was named Neptune and two astronomers who had predicted mathematically wh ere it would be are credited with finding it not Galle.

Free Essays - A Schoolyard Lesson :: Personal Narrative Essays

A Schoolyard Lesson         Get up, get up you have school today, my mother blurted out, as I fell out of bed.  I stood up and waddled to the bathroom.  Looking into the mirror I smiled to myself I knew today was going to be just fine.  My family and I had just moved from Guatemala, and today was to be my start day at Bel Air Elementary School.  I usually dont get worried about these situations, since Ive been through the routine before, besides I unravel to make friends easily.  Why would today be any different, I told myself.         I finished brushing my teeth and splashing my face, then continued to get dressed.  I threw on some Bugle Boy caches, a Polo shirt, and some Nikes.  After giving up on my hair I ran into the kitchen and snatched my lunch box discharge the counter.  Soon I was out the door and on to face my archetypal day at my new school.         After defeating the labyrinth of streets that we call our neighborhood, and meeting my first crossing guard I made my way into the school.  It was quite crowded , but I knew where I was headed.  I proceeded up the stairs and down the pressure group to room 212, where I sat down in the front row.  I turned around and took a quick peak at the class scan the room for someone to talk to.  When I saw no opportunities I began to get a bit timid, but as soon as the gong rang I felt all right.         We went through the motions for awhile filling out paper work, introducing ourselves, all the first day stuff.  I heard a a couple of(prenominal) kids say they were new to the area, of which Brian Vedder was the only boy.  He wasnt much to look at, not a soap opera star, or a great athlete, just a regular kid.  Nonetheless I thought Id like to meet him and talk to him later on in the day. By this time we all were becoming restless, and I definitely knew why.  Everyone was waiting for recess, the time when kids get to have fun and let it all hang out.  After all we didnt have class

Free Essays - A Schoolyard Lesson :: Personal Narrative Essays

A Schoolyard Lesson         Get up, get up you exact school today, my mother blurted out, as I fell out of bed.  I stood up and waddled to the bathroom.  Looking into the mirror I smiled to myself I knew today was going to be just fine.  My family and I had just move from Guatemala, and today was to be my first day at Bel Air Elementary School.  I usually dont get worried about these situations, since Ive been through the map before, besides I tend to make friends easily.  Why would today be any different, I told myself.         I finished brushing my teeth and splashing my face, thence continued to get dressed.  I threw on some Bugle Boy caches, a Polo shirt, and some Nikes.  After giving up on my hair I ran into the kitchen and snatched my lunch box off the counter.  Soon I was out the door and on to face my first day at my new school.         After defeating the sna rl of streets that we call our neighborhood, and meeting my first crossing guard I made my way into the school.  It was quite crowded , but I knew where I was headed.  I proceeded up the stairs and down the hall to room 212, where I sat down in the front row.  I turned around and took a quick bankers bill at the class scanning the room for someone to talk to.  When I saw no opportunities I began to get a bit timid, but as soon as the bell rang I felt all right.         We went through the motions for awhile filling out paper work, introducing ourselves, all the first day stuff.  I heard a few kids say they were new to the area, of which Brian Vedder was the only boy.  He wasnt much to look at, not a soap opera star, or a great athlete, just a regular kid.  Nonetheless I thought Id like to meet him and talk to him later on in the day. By this meter we all were becoming restless, and I definitely knew why.  Everyone wa s waiting for recess, the time when kids get to have fun and let it all hang out.  After all we didnt have class

Cialis

1. Why was sildenafil so successful? sildenafil citrates success was collect to * Viagra was the first orally taken drug that addressed ED. Other alternatives that had already existed in the market were penile implants, vacuum pumps , ED injection and urethra suppository, none of them were really user friendly. * Viagra was the first affordable solution for ED, its retail price was $10/dose, whereas Caverject injection cost $25/dose, vacuum pumps $300 to $500, and the well-nigh expensive, penile implants ranged from $12,000 to $18,000. Pfizer employed advertising which reached out to all custody. They featured celebrities in their ads, such as Bob Dole, Raphael Palmiero, Mark Martin. Seeing these celebrities publically confess to having ED, make work force feel more comfortable in acknowledging their witness ED issues and communicating it to their physicians. * Unlike injections, Viagra could be taken everyday. * Some people dictuming machine recreational usage to Viagra. * Vi agra was approved by Medicaid in 11 states. * There was a huge market for ED drugs.In 1996 the number of ED prompted doctor visits was at the all period high of 1. 3 million visits. 2. Draw a perceptual map that summarizes the positioning strategies adopted by Viagra, Levitra and Cialis and treasure those strategies. Viagras positioning dodging Pfizer first started out by featuring older celebrities, like Bob Dole, trying to capture attention of their target market. Statistics showed that everyplace 50% of Viagras customers were men over 50. Later, Pfizer changed its dodging and started featuring young celebrities, such as a baseball player, NASCAR driver.They wanted to show that even man-sized mans could contrive a problem and they also wanted to put out a message that Viagra is not only for older men tho for men of all ages, who might even only shed a slight problem. Basically, their message to men was youre not too young for Viagra. I think this was the right move on P fizers side since it expand their target market to men of all ages, at the same time maybe draw out men who didnt feel comfortable with the subject. Levitras positioning strategy acetylsalicylic acid and Glaxo positioned Levitra as a way of enhancing the cozy experience.It was not about the number of times a man could have sex, it was all about quality. They also wanted to educate the public about ED and about their solution to it. Their reps spent 50% more time talking to doctors about Levitra than Pfizers did about Viagra. This was a good positioning strategy for acetylsalicylic acid and Glaxo. With Levitra, coming to market after Viagra, they had to differentiate themselves somehow. And doing this from a quality angle, I believe they hit the right note with a lot of men. Cialis positioning strategyLilly Icos, after doing several years of question and seeing both, Viagra and Levitras performance in the market, decided to position Cialis as a stress-free, more spontaneous, app ointee into an every-day lifestyle type of a solution to ED. Men didnt have to feel stressed to perform because of the time constraints. They can live their normal lives, with Cialis resistant of in the background. I believe its a really good strategy, given the characteristics of Cialis. People with ED want to put their problem out of their mentality and not think about it.And Cialis would be the perfect solution theres no pressure to perform, they can have sex at their witness convenience. No major changes would need to be do to their lives. 3. How can the product attri howeveres of Cialis be translated into a successful positioning platform for the products base? Cialis differentiated itself from the rest of the available ED treatments in the following ways * Cialis took faster power than Viagra and remained exploitive longer than Viagra (around 36 hours and the effect kicked in only when needed). This was a huge plus on Cialis side since it was so flexible. It had effect even after eating fatty foods. It could also be taken by patients who had high blood pressure, and it could be taken along with alpha blockers. The bottom line it accommodated virtually everyone under most every circumstance. * Cialis had little physical side effects than its enemys, Viagra and Levitra. Outlined below are some of the different ways Lilly Icos could have positioned Cialis * To men of every age and of every physical condition with any level of ED severity. * To men who love their routines and dont want to change them. Emphasize on the fact that mens partners dont even have to know that theyre taking drugs for their condition. This might especially be important to men who start go out a new person they might not want their partner to know about their condition, at least maybe not right away. * buttocks be taken before/after any type of activity work, sports, romantic dinner out. * merchant ship be taken by men of legion(predicate) a(prenominal) different life styles (busy professionals, busy parents, retired, etc. ) * End benefit is that anyone with any sort of ED dysfunction can feel problem-free again It works for any man, anywhere, anytimeCialisThey have DEED problems- which lead to feeling personal embarrassment Question their role In their relationships Sense of unfairness to their female partners trained relationships Self-identity problems questioning role in all contexts of life questioning place in the world. Where? From a local apothecarys shop directly from a Doctor from a mail order drugstore Not usual drug store another party getting it in other countries. How? They intake prescription to engage in intimacy with cozy partner. SOOT Analysis Strengths 1 Eli Lily and CICS is a great source for product team.Eli Lilly have plenty experience to bring drugs to the market. CICS have strong technical competency with proven trench in clinical result. 2 Compared to Vicarage, Scalia can last up to 36 hours, unaffected by meals, rare v isual Irregularities etc. 3 Good operationally and financially positioned to enter the market. Weakness 1 Low compound Annual Growth Rates (CARR) In Germany (3. 6%) and France (14. 8%) some(prenominal) lower value than comparable countries such as the US. This may lead to low return in these markets. Brayers likely positioning as a nook drug treating diabetes along with DEED, limits the strategies that Lilly CICS LLC can explore ND employ. 3 CICS have no marketing competence to date. How much control will they realistically have marketing decisions given their lack of experience? Will their lack of marketing competence slowdown elements of the launching/ complicate processes? Opportunity 1 . Promoting to couples (both married and sprightliness together) in a combined campaign. 2. The high dropout rates of Vicarage after first year offers potential targeting for Lilly CICS LLC.Threats 1 . Little evidence of market research conducted in Brazil, Canada, Mexico and Australia. 2. Comp etitive reaction of Pfizer could prohibit Lilly CICS LLC Clans compete with the advertising blitz that Pfizer have exercised? Marketing strategy suggestion Price Since Scalia is going to position to face compete with Vicarage, we highly recommend it launch at the same price with Vicarage. It is easy for customer to accept a safer and longer-lasting DEED drug at the authorized price. Distribution Channels & Management 1.Wholesalers Lilly CICS LLC are in charge of manufacturing the drug, at which point they distribute he drug to wholesalers. Given the unattractiveness of the channel for wholesalers and the low marge that is obtained, a 5%increase may give Lilly CICS LLC more influence over the terms of the arrangement. This would also encourage the wholesaler to distribute more extensively and effortless(prenominal)ness more favorable terms such as buying back stock unsold. 2. Patients Directly sell drugs to the patients who have DEED problem via doctors would be a very good way to reach target consumer. . Website Sell drugs on Physician website or Patients and partner website. Promotion 1. Free sampling Since Scalia is the direct competitor of Vicarage, send free sampling to Vicarage user would be a very good way to reach target consumer. 2. Advertisement in hospital Scalia is a safer and longer-lasting DEED medicine, patient in hospital can get more advice from doctors after they saw the advertisement. 3. Website advertisement Physician website or Patients and partner website would be a very good way to add exposure of the new product.Cialis1. Why was Viagra so successful? Viagras success was ascribable to * Viagra was the first orally taken drug that addressed ED. Other alternatives that had already existed in the market were penile implants, vacuum pumps , ED injection and urethra suppository, none of them were really user friendly. * Viagra was the first affordable solution for ED, its retail price was $10/dose, whereas Caverject injection cost $25/dos e, vacuum pumps $300 to $500, and the most expensive, penile implants ranged from $12,000 to $18,000. Pfizer employed advertising which reached out to all men. They featured celebrities in their ads, such as Bob Dole, Raphael Palmiero, Mark Martin. Seeing these celebrities publically confess to having ED, made men feel more comfortable in acknowledging their own ED issues and communicating it to their physicians. * Unlike injections, Viagra could be taken everyday. * Some people saw recreational usage to Viagra. * Viagra was approved by Medicaid in 11 states. * There was a huge market for ED drugs.In 1996 the number of ED prompted doctor visits was at the all time high of 1. 3 million visits. 2. Draw a perceptual map that summarizes the positioning strategies adopted by Viagra, Levitra and Cialis and value those strategies. Viagras positioning strategy Pfizer first started out by featuring older celebrities, like Bob Dole, trying to capture attention of their target market. Statisti cs showed that over 50% of Viagras customers were men over 50. Later, Pfizer changed its strategy and started featuring young celebrities, such as a baseball player, NASCAR driver.They wanted to show that even masculine mans could have a problem and they also wanted to put out a message that Viagra is not only for older men but for men of all ages, who might even only have a slight problem. Basically, their message to men was youre not too young for Viagra. I think this was the right move on Pfizers side since it expand their target market to men of all ages, at the same time maybe draw out men who didnt feel comfortable with the subject. Levitras positioning strategy Bayer and Glaxo positioned Levitra as a way of enhancing the cozy experience.It was not about the number of times a man could have sex, it was all about quality. They also wanted to educate the public about ED and about their solution to it. Their reps spent 50% more time talking to doctors about Levitra than Pfizers did about Viagra. This was a good positioning strategy for Bayer and Glaxo. With Levitra, coming to market after Viagra, they had to differentiate themselves somehow. And doing this from a quality angle, I believe they hit the right note with a lot of men. Cialis positioning strategyLilly Icos, after doing several years of research and seeing both, Viagra and Levitras performance in the market, decided to position Cialis as a stress-free, more spontaneous, registration into an every-day lifestyle type of a solution to ED. Men didnt have to feel stressed to perform because of the time constraints. They can live their normal lives, with Cialis potpourri of in the background. I believe its a really good strategy, given the characteristics of Cialis. People with ED want to put their problem out of their foreland and not think about it.And Cialis would be the perfect solution theres no pressure to perform, they can have sex at their own convenience. No major changes would need to be made to their lives. 3. How can the product attributes of Cialis be translated into a successful positioning platform for the products launch? Cialis differentiated itself from the rest of the available ED treatments in the following ways * Cialis took faster effect than Viagra and remained effective longer than Viagra (around 36 hours and the effect kicked in only when needed). This was a huge plus on Cialis side since it was so flexible. It had effect even after eating fatty foods. It could also be taken by patients who had high blood pressure, and it could be taken along with alpha blockers. The bottom line it accommodated most everyone under most every circumstance. * Cialis had less physical side effects than its competitors, Viagra and Levitra. Outlined below are some of the different ways Lilly Icos could have positioned Cialis * To men of any age and of any physical condition with any level of ED severity. * To men who love their routines and dont want to change them. Emph asize on the fact that mens partners dont even have to know that theyre taking drugs for their condition. This might especially be important to men who start date a new person they might not want their partner to know about their condition, at least maybe not right away. * Can be taken before/after any type of activity work, sports, romantic dinner out. * Can be taken by men of many different lifestyles (busy professionals, busy parents, retired, etc. ) * End benefit is that anyone with any sort of ED dysfunction can feel problem-free again It works for any man, anywhere, anytime

How can India get more Olympic Medals Essay

In 2004 Athens Olympics, India celebrated its achievement of the unrivalled silver medal it won in Shooting. After four years, in 2008 capital of Red China Olympics, India won a gold medal in 10m Air belong event and one bronze medal each, in Wrestling and Boxing. The international media appreciated this as a rare feat from a non-athletic nation. The drag non-athletic nation can be refuted considering the craze for cricket in India. However, that is not the bone of contention here. India is considered as a non-athletic nation because of its consistent deplor adequate performance before the world audience in this quadrennial event.India has 17% of the world population but won scarce 0. 31% of the total medals in Beijing Olympics. Thus, there is an urgent need for a strategy that can help India win more Olympic medals. It is important to understand why India has not been able to get more Olympic medals before answering how to get the same. Well, the sportsmen and women in India of ten complain about lack of adequate sources, funds, infrastructure, equipment, sponsorship and encouragement for sports and games otherwise than cricket in the country.Corruption, political intervention and unwillingness of sports authorities are also cited as the root causes. Inadequate training programmes and practice sessions which do not meet international standards are said to be another reason for dismal performances in the Olympics. Besides the above, another most important reason is the discouragement and neutrality showed by parents and teachers to their childrens interest in sports and games. The solution lies in addressing or targeting the above problems.In the first place, parents and teachers should make an extra effort to identify a childs inclination towards sports. Children of all ages should be encouraged to actively participate in sports as it will help in their overall physiologic and mental development. Schools should include sports as an integral part of the ir curriculum. Sports competitions should be held at local and regional levels, and students interested in a particular game, should be provided with merely training.This can help children cultivate sportsmanship qualities and also gain experience in the game. Secondly, the state and central governments should provide adequate funds and resources for upgraded training programs, necessary infrastructure, equipment and other facilities to sportspersons. For instance, the government and sports authorities in China exact not only planned to successfully host 2008 Olympic games in Beijing, but also have endeavored Project 119 towards pleasing golds in the medal rich sports of swimming, track, rowing, kayaking and sailing.Under this project, intensive training at par with international standards was provided to athletes and participants of various games. India needs to design and implement such goal-oriented projects to clinch more medals in Olympic games. Thirdly, all the encourageme nt, resources and participation would go waste without a proper coach. The nuances and tricks of the game can only be learnt from a good trainer. Even in Mahabharata, the great India epic, a master-archer like Arjuna was trained by his versatile teacher, Dhronacharya.Hence, trainers with good performance record, experience and pic to national and international sports should be appointed as sports coach to train the athletes. In addition to this, steps should be taken to sever the tentacles of this monstrous gray whale called corruption which has made its way into every part of human life including sports and games. Sanctioning and providing adequate funds is one step but utilizing them efficiently for the purpose meant, is an altogether different step. Accounts should be audited to ensure proper appropriation of funds.Authorities holding positions in sports organizations, associations and selection committees should be held accountable and punished in the event of any misuse of t he allocated funds. Moreover, favoritism and bias in selection of team members, appointment of trainers, etc. should be strictly discouraged. It should be ensured that the only criteria for selecting a player or a coach on the team should be his/ her performance record and definitely not their personal background or social intercourse with the members on Selection committee.Care should be taken to not repeat cases like Monica Devi, a wrestler from Manipur, who was dropped from the Indian contingent to 2008 Beijing Olympics in the operate minute. The issue is yet to be solved. Such incidents can lead to resentment among players. Finally, sports in India should expand and reach beyond cricket. Cricket has managed to attract huge fanfare, reputed shuffling names for sponsorship and popular celebrities like industrialists and bollywood actors. Cash-rich Indian Premier League stands as a testimony to this. Similar treatment is due to be accorded to other sports. reclusive sponsorers i ncluding domestic and multinational companies should be invited to offer sponsorship to sportsmen of other games. Wide publicity should be given to other sports by broadcasting them on television. Medal winning performance should be duly rewarded by the central and state governments. However, inspite of all the hurdles and hiccups, Abhinav Bindra, Sushil Kumar and Vijendra Kumar created history at the Beijing Olympics 2008. This clearly shows that without obstacles, India would stand second to none in the Olympic Medal chart.

Political and familial contexts Essay

Examine the ways in which the political and familial contexts and relationships are established in Act I of the play. The politics of the Italian Court in the play are revealed to the audience as corrupt and unethical, also exposing the state of the English Court in this period. Webster could not have written about it straightaway and so it is shown through the setting in Malfi. This corruption is mainly embodied by Ferdinand and the Cardinal, who are the most politically causalityful characters in the play.Their power in the Court is reflected in their familial relationships with the Duchess. The venality of the Court in Malfi is first suggested by Antonio who describes the general make-up of politics in any region using the relation of a fountain, whence should flow pure silver drops but can be poisoned at the top thereby, death and diseases through the whole land spread. As it seems to have done in Malfi, as the two most powerful figures are so moraless.Antonio is also descri bing the effectiveness and purity of the French Court in this dialogue, which emphasises the corruption in Italy. Bosola who himself is seemingly amoral, being introduced to the audience by Antonio as the court-gall, directly refers to Ferdinand and his brother, the Cardinal likening them to plum trees that grow crooked. He suggests that too much power and riches has made them so, but also that they are surrounded by flattring sycophants who are like crows and caterpillars and use them to gain power and wealth for themselves.This analogy can be linked with Antonios, to say that the corruption at the top of Ferdinand and the Cardinal has affected the rest of the court and made them every bit depraved and greedy. It is ironic that Bosola describes these people with such distaste as he himself is a flattering pander hoping to improve his position in court. The Cardinal could be seen as possibly the most underhanded character in the play because he is supposed to be a man of God and so his deformation is emphasised.In the Cardinals first appearance Bosola mocks his religious position, shown by the hyperbole, With all your divinity, thus revealing the Cardinals religious values to be almost non-existent. Delio explains Bosolas bitterness towards the Cardinal to Antonio, and reveals that he was put in the galleys for seven years for a murder he was commissioned to do by the Cardinal. This blatant unjust act again is an example of his clear corruption.Further into Act One, the Cardinal initiates the employment of Bosola as a spy in tramp to keep an eye on the Duchess, his power is clear at this point because he makes Ferdinand negotiate with Bosola as he would not be seen int, demonstrating his apparent control even over his own brother, the Duke of Malfi. His power is paralleled with his astuteness, as Ferdinand suggests Antonio instead of Bosola for the job and the Cardinal correctly observes His nature is too honest display his ability to read people making him all the more powerful.Ferdinand is also clever, he can see through the flatterers in the court purposely hard to get in his favour such as Castruchio, who constantly and unnecessarily addresses him as my lord and tries to dissuade him from going to war. Ferdinand recognises this and makes a mockery of him, sarcastically commenting about his pun, Why, theres a wit were able to undo all the surgeons of the city. His power and control here is also made clear, as he gets angry when they laugh without him laughing, take fire when I give fire, that is, laugh when I laugh.

Family Health Assessment Essay

Tell me about your family values concerning health .What values are important to you when it comes to how to promotion health? How have these values influence your life-style as family. What are your family nutritional habits? Tell me how galore(postnominal) serving of vegetable or fruits you eat per day? What kind of diet do you eat? How m whatever hours a night do you sleep? What do you do for relaxation? Do you take any sleep aid? How are your bowel habits? Do you take any over the count stool softer? Tell me about your bladder habits? What do you do for exercise? What kind of activity do you do with the children? What do you all do for recreation? Has there been a change in your sensory perception? How is your hearing? How is your vision? Are there any body image issue? How much time do you have sex per week? What are your concerns when it comes to sex? Tell me how you cope with try as a family .what is some effective way you deal with stress as family.The Family Health Assess ment tool is a vital tool use in the collection of date for family health opinion .This assessment tool which was proposed by Marjorie Gordon in 1987 is call functional health pattern framework. This tool is comprehensive in the collection of date and communication of data among health care providers .This tool assist the health care provider in examining functions and interactions among the patterns to accurately determine and diagnosis actual or potential problems and plan intervention toward outcomes to promote health and well-being. Gordon, 2007Health Promotion done the life Span 7ED CHAPTER 7 These eleven emphasis areas proposed by Gordon ordain be used in this paper to determine collect and analysis data. The eleven are mention above. Each one will be analysis andapplied to the family interview. I choose an across-the-board family for this health assessment paper .This paper will detail the task in family assessment and it will be completed with minimal stress to the fam ily. An ext cease family is defines as a family that goes beyond the immediate family network, like the husband, wife and children.The extended family includes the uncle and aunts. Sometime extended family even has a family division like the grandparent living with in the household. This assessment began with health perception and the health management in which the family are asked open ended question. This paper will also discussed health problems which will lead to health promotion and restrainion with in the family. Strategies will be plane with the family involvement to promote, prevent and maintain health. The extended family is young Hispanic by the name of Falto .The couple has three young children, the older is a boy 9years, the middle child is a 7years boy and the youngest is 4 years old girl. The feather is 37 years old construction worker, works quadruple long time a week for 10 hours a day. The mother is 34yeal woman work at local hospital as dietary director, works eight hours a day job, five days a week. The grandmother the father mother live with them in the household and she is 60years.Th two older children attend a secured public school. The grandmother do non work she stayed at home with the four years little girl.They all live in a safe neighborhood in a four bed room, two and the half bath single family home. The Family says they are finically stable and the children are both doing well in school. They have health insurance through the mothers job. They verbalize that they are all healthy except that Mrs. Falto develop gestational hypertension when she was pregetant with their daughter who is now four years old. Her kindred pressure is well control with Lisinopril 10mg insouciant and they maintained their health by yearly physical with their chief(a) doctor. The children immunization is up to date .All part of the family are nonsmoker and do not drink any alcohol, they stayed healthy by watching their calories intake and walking at last two time a week at the local park ,while the children paly .Nutritional the family eat three meals a .day and try to eat one meal together daily which is dinner. annihilate a regular diet and they closely watch their calories and salt intake.Males are cook at home three time a week and reheated daily .The children are all healthy, the two older children play baseball at local YMCA two times a week forrecreation. All four children produce chart show that they are appropriate for their high and weight. The father is 5 feet and 6 inches and weight 180lbs.H verbalize that their primary care doctor has advised him on weight control. Mrs. Flato is 5 feet 5 inches and is 155 lbs. The grandmother is 4 feet, 9 inches and weight 175 make her over weight for her high. She has been encouraged by the primary care doctor to walk daily for 20 mint four to five days a week. They eat a well balances diet making their bowel pattern regular and normal Berman et al, 2007.The grandmother has d eveloping some hearing problems.She was evaluated and she was fitted for hearing aid. The rest of the family denies any sensory problems. The Flato have friends and other family member that they associate with regular and attended almost every family events. They said they attended a local church once in a while only they are not active members. Both Mr. and Mrs. Flato are in their thirty and they both denied any problem with sex. When asked about stress, they laugh and said everybody has some stress but we fine ways to manage our stress level and time to relaxTHE FAMILY HEALTH ASSESSMENT WAS COLLECTED AND ANALYSIS.A WELLNESS NURSING diagnosis WAS FORM FOR THE FLATO FAMILY1.READINESS FOR ENCHANCED NUTRITIUONAL METABOLIC APTTREN2.EFFECTIVE BLOOD PRESSURE MANAGEMENT3.EFFECTIVE ACTIVE LEVEL