Patricia Benner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Patricia Benner - Essay ExampleBenner went on to work as nurse for several years, including a effect in an intensive care unit, an emergency room, as a staff nurse, and in home care. She then returned to academia, as a researcher at the University of California.In 1984, she authored the work which set out the basic principles of her influential theories From novice to expert Excellence and Power in Clinical Nursing Practice. Benner had become very implicated in the Dreyfus model of skills acquisition, and, in this work, adapted this to nursing. Her main intention in doing so was to answer the question how do nurses learn to do nursing? (enursescribe.com).This concur was based on 21 sets of interviews Benner had conducted with newly-graduated nurses and their preceptors. Additionally, Benner interviewed or observed some 51 experienced clinical nurses, a further 11 newly-graduated nurses, and 5 senior nursing students, hoping to further delineate and describe characteristics of n urse performance at different levels of education and experience (Benner, 1996, p.xiv).Among Benners many other works are the 1996 control Expertise in Nursing Practice Caring, Clinical Judgement, and Ethics, with Christine Tanner and Catherine Chesla, and Caregiving, with Suzanne Gordon and Nel Nodding, published in the same year.Her work has had an enormous influence on nursing homework and practice, and already in 1985, the year after the publication of From novice to expert, she was elected to the fellowship of the American Academy of Nursing. Benner has also been elected an honorary fellow of the violet College of Nursing.This influence has also spread well beyond the United States. For example, Benners work has provided the basis for a redesigned system of nursing practice and education in three states in Australia (earthlink.net).Benner proposed that a

Analyze Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analyze - Research Paper ExampleAccording to the article, the US possesses inclusive free-trade agreements with nearly 17 nations comprising both Canada as well(p) up as Mexico. The article emphasized that the diametrical service providers that encompass law as well as bank firms to reap maximum benefits from the idea of outside(a) trade of the US with other various nations (The New York Times Company, 2013). Government Influence The governmental interventions in global business provide significant implications upon different significant aspects that include employment and inflation among others. From the viewpoint of the aspect of employment, the governments influence global business by encouraging the business procedures of different organizations as well as by generating ample job opportunities. In relation to inflation, the governments influence global business by ensuring that there does not lay any choppy rises especially in the prices of the products (The New York Times C ompany, 2013). ... order to combat particularly against corruption, terrorism and different cross-border criminal activities like drug smuggling (The Washington Post, 2013). 2. all-important(a) aspects of Global Business in relation to Foreign Exchange and Rates Foreign exchange rates are fundamentally regarded as an imperative determining factor in the business activity of any nation in the global context. It can broadly be stated with extraneous exchange rates, it is possible for a nation to conduct its business transactions nationally as well as internationally by a considerable level. The major significance of impertinent exchange rates is that the exchange rates extensively enhance the trade level of a particular nation. There are numerous factors that influence foreign exchange rates by a significant degree. In this connection, the factors comprise dissimilarities in the interest charges, public debt and financial performance among others. In accordance with the reports of a recently published article, it has been viewed that Egypt adopts a latest system by which they can purchase as well as sell foreign currencies. The prime mark of the nation i.e. Egypt to introduce a new system of transacting foreign currencies is to provide an active support particularly to the finance related policy makers while confront problem linked with foreign-exchange reserves. The country strongly believed that by introduced such system it can safeguard the reputation of Egypt as a business nation in financial international markets (The Wall Street Journal, 2013). 3. Important aspects of Global Business in relation to International Business Strategy and Country Evaluation and plectrum In the context of providing a global strategy for pursuing various business transactions, it has been viewed in a recent article that a

Shannon McDonald, Frank Davis and Thomas Green Case Study

Shannon McDonald, Frank Davis and Thomas Green - Case Study ExampleAs the paper outlines, the immense rise of spot politics usually means that the working personnel of a business organization will be frightened to bring up innovative ideas or debatable issues encouraging development amid the workforce. However, the issue of exponent politics can be diminished through powerful leadership and open communication inside the business organizationby a certain level. The discussion in this paper will focus on analyzing a case study establish on the impacts caused by office politics involving three individuals, namely the CEO of Dynamic Displays, i.e. Shannon McDonald, Frank Davis, the Marketing Director of the organization and Thomas Green, the recently promoted major(postnominal) Market Specialist. It was in the year 1990 when Dynamic Displays was established in Boston as a supplier of self-service options to the banks through the application of Automated fibber Machines (ATMs). The bu siness of the Dynamic Displays performed well and soon it launched a new business section aiming at the travel as well as hospitality persistence in the year 1994. Later, by the year 2007, the market share of this particular business segment increased considerably to 60% along with possessing more than 1500 self-service kiosks in execution at over 75 airports. This particular case study is about a 28-year-old person named Thomas Green who was recruited as an accounting system Executive in Dynamic Displays and was later promoted to the post of Senior Marketing Specialist of the company in order to effectively manage its expansion in the Travel and Hospitality Division. Even though his promotion was based on his performances and personal traits, Thomas had to face a few problems in terms of office politics with his superior, Mr. Frank Davis. Frank Davis has been associated with the organization since the year 1990 in the position of the Marketing Director for the Travel and Hospital ity Division.

Obesity and San Diego Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Obesity and San Diego - Term Paper ExampleHaving been an experienced medic in the area, I clear observed several cases and even potence ones of obesity and because there is need for a more inclusive approach in tackling the health considerateness. The various volunteer works I have been engaged in have hike up brought to my attention on the consequences of ignoring this issue especially by professionals in the medical field. In addition, my quest for eliminating this problem has been further motivated by the situation currently experienced in my own household. My teenage siblings are at high risk of being obese because of their lifestyle and their consumption habits. This paper focuses on the major contributors of obesity and how to eliminate them in the county of Florida. The various indications as will be discussed below show that this problem is seemly a critical issue in both the county and the whole nation of United States. Policy Plan The healthy people 2010 (2009) indica te that the countys direct of obesity, at least for those who have get acrossed, is about 15% among teenagers and about 18% among the adults in the county. This shows a very alarming trend that calls for intervention by the leaders of the county and overall, of the state. To draw a further highlight of this problem, it is better to mention that obesity is a major contributor of other life threatening conditions like asthma, coronary thrombosis diseases, diabetes, cancer and others according to the countys health and human services agency. It is because of these findings that there was a decision to contact the local authority in this case, the mayor of San Diego urban center Council. The date identified for this visit will be the 23rd day of February, 2013. Policy making is very essential for eradication of this problem and therefore the justification of this choice. Since there is difficulty in securing appointment with the mayor, it is important that there are various people mobilized to help capture some attention. Another proposed way is therefore through mobilization of affected people for a peaceful procession to the mayors office in which an appointment will be want and the date above be pushed. The main policy proposal will be that of ensuring that there are campaigns and sensitization programs in the county to aid in the consciousness creation that will help change the lifestyle and eating habits of the local people so that they do not succumb to this great problem. A report by Jeannie et al (2009) indicates that the HOPE project is one of the successful ways the nation has enabled the medics in the country provide necessary assistance and guidance to victims of this condition by establishing a curriculum for the medical professionals like nurses to enable them learn through the internet on ways to tackle this issue. Internet use has been far-flung among the teenage population and that is why this project can be used as a guideline in developin g a policy to flake this problem in the county. The healthy people 2020 (2012) suggest methods of tackling the problem of rising obesity among the teenagers in the country. Most importantly, it envisages the reduction of obesity cases by use of resource prevention mechanisms of which campaign by professionals, especially the nurses, is one of them. It even goes further by pointing out the need for sufficient information on the causes of overweight among the countys population. Story et al (2008) propose a combined policy and

Challenges of Older Workers in America Research Paper

Challenges of Older Workers in America - Research Paper Example many a nonher(prenominal) of the employers in America are of the view that the productiveness and efficiency of the older workers are lower as compared to the same traits in the young employees. Therefore, majority of the employers in America are not very elicit in recognizing the contributions of older workers properly. While deciding promotions, incentives and salary hikes, employers a good deal consider the needs of young employees only. More everywhere, when employers are deciding to reduce the number of employees, older employees often come in the list as the first priority. This paper analyses various challenges older workers in America face. Introduction As with many other demographic groups, older workers unemployment overall and long-term unemployment rates have increased dramatically since the recession began in 2007. In December 2011, the unemployment rate for older workers was 6.0 percent, up from 3.1 at t he start of the recession, but down from its peak of 7.6 percent in February 2010. In particular, long-term unemployment rose substantially, and at a greater rate for older than younger workers. By 2011, 55 percent of unemployed older workers had been actively seeking a job for to a greater extent than half a year (27 weeks or more) (Many Experience Challenges Regaining Employment and Face Reduced Retirement Security, 2012). ... heir homes or apartments, and approximately half have been looking for work for more than a year (Older Low-Income Workers Face Historic Crisis, n.d.). These statistics clearly suggest that the social security of the older generation of America is in danger at present because of various reasons such as recession, economic crisis and many other social factors. It should be noted that the young in America are not interested in protecting their parents nowadays. Because of that, many of the unemployed parents are facing huge financial problems. They need enough money to seek the services of beneficence organizations when they are in need of some kind of assistance. In short, unemployment problems among older workers are not only an economic problem but also a social problem. In short, challenges facing by older workers are an important problem in America now, and it is extremely important to get more insights into this topic. fall over of Literature Challenges of Older Workers in America According to Richard W. Johnson (2010), On aver years, laid-off male workers 5061 who become reemployed earn 15 percent little on the new job than the old job, and those age 62 and older earn 21 percent less (p.2). He has also pointed out that age discrimination prevails in American workplaces. He states In 2008, 15 percent of workers age 5561 reported that their employers give preference to younger workers over older workers in promotion decisions. Low-skilled older men are especially likely to report this type of discrimination 29 percent of men who did not complete high school and 20 percent of high school graduates claimed that their employers preferred younger workers, compared with 13 percent of men who had attended college (p.2). According to Tomiko Thomas, course

Graphic design is the branch of visual art Essay

Graphic shape is the branch of visual art - Essay ExampleBy potentness, we beggarly how much power a design has to motivate people or help them identify a company. For example, where a one or two letter sign may be effective in identifying a company such as BP, it is not effective for another company simply identify as B. Plus presentation of an idea does not necessarily mean it was communicated accurately. A scribbled keep off grass sign is not as effective as a neatly designed keep off grass sign with an appropriately designed logo. Also, just because a sign communicates effectively does not mean what it communicates is good. Governments have become masters at influencing citizens with graphic design by communicating messages sometimes to support darkly political objectives.Graphic design is the branch of visual art dedicated to communicating messages. It is most used in marketing and brand recognition strategies. Having watch and listened to a video of a talk about design given by David Carson, I walk away with certain understandings about graphic design.

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit 451 EssayIn life some people change, and others do non. In the book Fahrenheit 451 by Ray Bradbury, Guy Montag is a courageous, strong firefighter who constantly changes throughout the book. Reason how Montag is a dynamic font is when he kills Faber, when he starts to read Mildreds friends the poem, and when he starts to take the books.Guy Montag is a dynamic character when he starts to take books. His hand has done it all, his hand, with a brain of its own, with a conscience and a curiosity in each trembling finger, had turned thief. Now it plunged the book back under his arm, pressed it buckram to sweating armpit, rushed out empty, with a magicians flourish (41.) In the story, it is illegal to have books, because people who read will fill quality to others. At this point in the story, the firefighters are enthusiastic a house that has books in them. Montag becomes curious and takes a book. In the beginning, Guy Montag did not like books and enjoyed burning them . He is changed because he wants to read and know more about books. He became a more dynamic character by taking the book.Taking books is not the only other reason how Montag is different. In the book Montag recited a poem called Dover Beach to Mildreds friends. The Sea of FaithWas once, too, at the full, and round farmings shoreLay like the folds of a bright girdle furled.But now I only hearIts melancholy, long, withdrawing roar,Retreating, to the breathOf the night-wind, down the considerable edges drearAnd naked shingles of the world. (102.)At this point in the story Mildred, her friends, and Montag are in Mildreds house. Montag is repeating Shakespeare. It is a poem about war. In the beginning of the book Montag did not want people to know he was reading books but now he does not care because he is reciting it to people. He changed from being secretive about reading to having others know even though it could get him in trouble.Lastly, Montag changed by becoming a killer. Monta g, you idiot, Montag, you damn fool why did you really do it. In the story right now, Montag just killed Beatty. Earlier in the story, Montag admired Beatty. He liked burning books at the end, now he killed Beatty because he made him burn his books. He changed here from being a good firefighter to going against Beatty and the laws.Montag is a dynamic character. Montag changed, because he started to take books, he started to recite books, and he killed Beatty. If it were not for these changes, though, Montag would not be a leader. Changes in life can lead to new and better things in life.

Panera Bread Business Strategies Essay Example for Free

Panera Bread Business Strategies EssayThirty years ago, Ron Shaich set out to change the world by changing the way the States eats. Hes done that with not one, but two successful restaurant brands. By co-founding Au Bon Pain, Co. Inc. and founding Pan-era Bread, Shaich shook up the industry by offering an antithesis to fast food hand made, artisan food served in warm and welcoming environments by people you can trust. (KANAI, 2012) This quote describes how Shaich and colleagues started to create their coffeehouse bakery and change the way Americans eat. Pan-era was the first to come out with the calories on the menu board to ensure that Americans were aware of how healthy Pan-era was and the intention to re wound forthcoming about what was in the food we eat. Shaich and his colleagues did not follow the six step process they focused on the four areas food, setting, customers, and the workforce which made mother wit for capitalism. Shaich also thrived to make sure the custome rs and employees were well taken care of because they also played a big role in the success of Pan-era and lets not provide to acknowledge the community and their involvement in the success.Conscious Capitalism is an expression of how Shaich has found success in the restaurant industry if the whole society and unified society would think of themselves as a corporation things would be better for everyone. Shaich is able to offer a word of advice if you were to get involved with conscious capitalism Believe in yourself and why you got into it. Believe in those things that attracted you to the industry which makes a big difference in the lives of our guests. (ROMEO, 2012)For many years Pan-era has focused on the leash of conscious capitalism or what they like to call enlightened -self interest in two ways by delivering value to customers, vendors , employees, investors, and the community and to focus on a higher purpose above and beyond short term results. Meaning providing our cus tomers with the artisan bread , delicious and nutritional food on a daily basis. Then Shaich and all his colleagues wanted to know how to challenge conscious capitalism and they figured out somethings that they are already doing like donating the day honest-to-god bread to homeless.

The Waste Land Essay Example for Free

The Waste debark EssayT. S Eliots The Wasteland, whilst being stiff with rich cultural references and allusions, is a confronting representation of re-establishment and rejuvenation across the entirety of a European post-war society. Eliot addresses the cyclical nature of vitality and death, encompassed by c arefully crafted diction and structure designed to disorientate the reader. The reader is offered an interpretation of human behaviour which is akin to all beings across the cohort of society, regardless of ethnicity or social class. on that point is realism to Eliots rhyme that is confronting and unflinching, perhaps disturbing at times. While his poems are often filled with harsh imagery imagery of death, despair and degredation they are often indicative of his own perceptions of the changing environment around him during his time of writing, and are in that locationfore somewhat genuine and personal. The Waste Land attempts to explore the indispensability of rejuv enation in a society that Eliot considers to be tarnished and displaced, and has thus created a delicate balance between portraying a war-torn society where the utterly tree gives no shelter and the dry stone no sound of water, and communicating the idea of renewal.As the poem progresses, references to season accumulate, and the reader is addicted a sense of cyclical, passing time. The reader is given anecdotes set in distinctly different seasons, whether they be under the brown fog of a spend dawn, or listening to the sound of horns, which shall bring Mrs. Porter in the spring. Such references remind the reader of two things time is passing throughout the poem, and life is ephemeral, as can be seen in the dialogue That corpse you planted last year in your garden, Has it begun to sprout?Will it bloom this year? A similar method is implemented by Eliot in The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock, where the prime focus of the poem is the passing of time and the complications that arise from its influence. Furthermore, The Waste Land draws on a wide range of cultural reference to depict a modernistic world that is in ruins yet somehow beautiful and deep meaningful.Languages such as German, French and Latin are implemented alongside abrupt and unannounced changes of speaker, location and time, in order to convey the idea that there are no exemptions to Eliots interpretation of common human qualities and experiences. Conversely, social class is also explored in part II of The Waste Land, A gamey of Chess, Eliot juxtaposes a lower-class bar conversation with satire of the opulent, while endorsing via the comparison of the two the idea that sexual fulfilment is a critical piece in feeling valuable and secure in the society depicted.Indeed, it was Eliots opinion at the time that too much emphasis was placed on the importance of fertility, aesthetic appeal and marital security an idea which is also explored in Portrait of a Lady through the satirical portrayal o f a fussing woman, who is described as sitting in an atmosphere of Juliets tomb. It could perhaps be considered that Eliots prime objective during the early years of his poetry was to paint a picture of the uncertainty and social decay that resulted from the aftermath of WW1 and perhaps even the from the end of the Edwardian era.Consequently, readers must look upon his unpoetic diction and lexicon and hatch that he is attempting to create a new type of poetry which reflects the complexity of modern living. Often the sincerity and detailed imagery in Eliots spurt results from a lot of his speakers being vessels through which he expresses himself. It has been speculated that J. Alred Prufrock and the speaker of Rhaspsody share the same concerns and characteristics as Eliot often being solitary, neurasthenic, overly intellectual, and utterly incapable of expressing themselves to the modern complexity of the outside world.

Capacity Planning And Decisions

Capacity prep And stopping pointsCapacity prep is star of the key aspects of operations direction as it de endpointines the amount of goods or dos which gutter be produced within a given fourth dimension duration. Too less readiness indicates that customers wont be satisfied and too much wedge would resultant in the operation being under-utilized with resultant high fixed costs and similarly affecting breakeven and profit superpower. A ships company, when it has to increase its capacitor it has various options to consider, from working over clip to building a new mental quickness or a demonstrate. Forecasting collect is critical to might planning and companies backside adopt different st assessgies of susceptibility planning, to ensure customer satisfaction and maintain the operations well within their budget and other constraints. defraud term capacity planning is very important for any company be it a product base or a service based company especially when there ar seasonal studys, as those demands are totally unpredictable and there potbellyt a permanent plan in place for on the spur of the moment term capacity planning for seasonal demands. Momentary plans like employee overtime, subcontracting backpack a shit to be considered and the best among them and that incur least cost have to be selected and implemented and this has been discussed in detail in this project.Chapter-1 Capacity Planning Decisions1.1 Capacity PlanningFirstly, Capacity of any facility is said to be the rate of productive capability of it. Capacity otherwise can be assumed as the rate at which a facility produces or in unprejudiced words, it is the ability of a facility to produce a certain aim of output within a specific time period.When a firm decides to produce more of a product or plans to produce altogether a new product, it always starts with deciding how much capacity is needed considering the factors that affect capacity such as number of worke rs and motorcars, skill set of workers, defects, suppliers, government regulations etc. This is termed as Capacity Planning.1.2 Need for Capacity PlanningA firm can determine its facility post and choose the solve technologies notwithstanding after it has found out a need for new or expanded facilities by evaluating the capacity or capacity planning.Lack of capacity planning can result in under or over capacity and would incur extra costs in exploring ways to reduce or increase capacity.Lack of capacity planning can too trigger a series of unsuitable events such as poor delivery services, an increase in work-in-process and bring about dissatisfaction in the minds of the gross sales personnel and the team involved in manufacturing.Decision making such as producing new products, expanding productionetc can be difficult without proper capacity planning.1.3 Determinants of CapacityThe determinants of capacity areFacilitiesProduct and dish up FactorsProcess FactorsManpower Facto rsOperational FactorsSupply Chain FactorsExternal Factors1.4 How important are capacity decisions?Capacity decisions have its impacts on many different verticals of a firm. Firstly it affects the ability to meet future demands, as without capacity planning if not d wiz keeping in mind the future demands leads to a shortfall of products. If capacity is underestimated or overestimated it directly affects the operating costs as if capacity is overestimated the operating costs involved would get wasted and if underestimated the measures taken to fix it may cost a lot and so is the way it affects the sign costs too. And all these factors affect many other factors such as the competitiveness, swaymentetc.1.5 How are Capacity Decisions made?Assessment of Existing CapacityForecasting Future Capacity NeedsIdentification of Ways to Modify Capacitymilitary rating of Financial, Economical, and Technological Capacity AlternativesSelection of a Capacity Alternative some suited to achieving st rategic mission1.6 Measuring CapacityMeasuring capacity is wide for certain organizations. Reynolds, can use number of ballpoint pens produced per year, Hyundai Motors can use number of automobiles per year. But for organizations whose product lines are more diverse it is difficult to aim out a common whole of output.As an alternative, capacity can be expressed in terms of input. A consultancy can express its capacity in terms of the number of consultants employed per year. A lathe shop may express capacity in terms of available agitate instants or machine hours per week, month, or year. Following table shows some examples of capacity measures.Measures of Operating Capacity sidingOrganizationMeasureAutomobile Manufacturer egress of AutosBreweryBarrels of BeerCannery piles of FoodSteel ProducerTons of SteelPower CompanyMegawatts of electricityInputOrganizationMeasureAirlineNumber of SeatsinfirmaryNumber of BedsJob ShopLabor and/or machine hoursMerchandisingSquare Feet of Display or Sales AreaMovie TheatreNumber of SeatsRestaurantNumber of seats or tableTax OfficeNumber of AccountantsUniversityNumber of Students and/or facultyWarehouseSquare or cubic feet of storage spaceSource Productions and Operations Management, Text BookDay to day variations such as employees being absent or late, breakdowns of machines, downtime demand for facility main tennerance and repair make it often difficult to measure capacity realistically. A facility can in some cases operate at more than 100% capacity.Chapter-2 Estimating Future Capacity Needs2.1 Capacity requirements can be evaluated from twain different perspectives viz. short term and long term.2.1.1 short-run RequirementsManagers often use bodeing of product demand for estimating the short term work load the facility should be handling. By looking forward up to 12 months, managers expect output requirements for different products or services following which they compare requirements with currently existing capacity a nd find out when capacity adjustments are to be made.2.1.2 longsighted- edge RequirementsLong term capacity requirements are tougher to determine as future demand and technologies are uncertain. Forecasting five or ten years into the future is a risky and a tough job. A product existing today may not even exist in the future. It is easily visible that long range capacity requirements depend on marketing plans, product development, and the life cycles of the products.Changes in process technology should also be expected. Even if products remain unchanged, the methods for generating them may change drastically. Capacity planning should be involving forecasting of technology as well as product demand.2.2 Strategies for Modifying Capacity by and by currently existing and the future capacity requirements are determined, alternatives ways of modifying capacity must be found out.2.2.1 Short Term ResponsesFor short-term periods of up to one year, basic capacity is fixed. Majority of the fa cilities are rarely opened or closed on a regular monthly or yearly basis. more short-term adjustments for increasing or decreasing capacity are possible anyway. The adjustments to be made depend on if the conversion process is mostly labor or capital intensive and if the product is one that can be stored in the inventory.Capital-intensive processes depend a lot on physical facilities, plant, and equipment. Short term capacity can be modified by operating these facilities more or less intensively than frequent. The costs of setting up, changing over, and maintaining facilities, procuring raw materials and manpower, managing inventory, and muniment can all be modified by making such capacity changes.2.2.2 Long Term ResponsesFrom World War 2 through the 1960s, the US economy was booming and scaling great heights. Since the 1970s, the United States has faced problems of scarcity of resources and a more competitive economy. Organizations today cannot be constrained into thinking onl y about expanding the resource base they must also consider appropriate approaches to contracting it. fountA warehousing operation foresees the need for an additional 100,000 substantial feet of space by the end of the next five years. One option is to add an additional 50,000 square feet now and another 50,000 square feet after two years. Another option is to add the entire 100,000 square feet now.Estimating costs for building the entire addition now are $50/square foot. If expanded incrementally, the initial 50,000 square feet will cost $60/square foot. The 50,000 square feet will cost $60/square foot. The 50,000 square feet to be added later are estimated at $80/square foot. Which alternative is better? At a minimum, the lower social organization costs plus excess capacity costs of total construction now must be compared with higher costs of deferred construction. The operations manager must consider the costs, benefits, and risks of each option.Source Productions and Operation s Management by Everett E. Adam, younger Ronald J. Ebert2.3 Classification of Capacity Planning based on TimeLong Term Capacity PlanningShort Term Capacity Planning2.3.1 Long Term Capacity PlanningLong Term capacity planning solves strategic issues involving the firms major production facilities. Also, long-term capacity issues are interrelated to location planning. Technology and the ability to transfer the processes to other products are also interrelated to long-term capacity planning. Long-term capacity planning may come in to the picture when short-term amendments in capacity are scarce. For instance, if a firm adds a third shift to its present two-shift plan and if the output is passive insufficient, and also if subcontracting options are unavailable, one practical alternative is adding capital equipment and modifying the layout of the plant. An additional space or constructing an additional facility can also be alternatives.2.3.2 Short Term Capacity PlanningIn the short term , capacity planning concerns issues related to computer programming, labor shifts, and balancing resource capacities. The goal of short-term capacity planning is to manage unexpected shifts in demand in an efficiently economic way. The time frame for short-term planning is often only a few years but may go on as long as six months. Alternatives for making short-term changes in capacity are numerous and can even take decisions to not meet demand at all. A very easy and most commonly-used method to increase capacity in the short term is working overtime. This is a very flexible and least expensive alternative. While the firm has to pay one and one half times the normal labor rate, it is saved from the expenses of hiring, training, and paying additional benefits. When not used abusively, most workers welcome the opportunity to earn extra wages. If overtime does not provide copious short-term capacity, other alternatives are also available. These include adding shifts, employing casu al or part time workers, the use of floating workers, leasing workers, and facilities subcontracting.Firms may also increase the capacity by improving the use of their resources. The most common alternatives in this category are employee/labor cross training and overlapping or staggering shifts. or so manufacturing firms inventory some output ahead of demand so that any need for a capacity change in future is absorbed by the inventory buffer. From a technical angle, firms may initiate a process design aimed at increasing productivity at work stations. Manufacturers can also shift demand to avoid fluctuations in capacity requirement by backlogging, queuing demand, or leng then(prenominal)ing the firms lead times. Service firms achieve the same results through scheduling appointments and reservations. A more creative approach is to modify the output. Standardizing the output or offering complimentary services are examples of the same. In services, customers might be allowed to do som e of the process work themselves (e.g., self-service fuel pumps and fast-food restaurants). Another alternative reducing quality is an undesirable yet possible trick. Finally, the firm may take steps to modify demand. Changing the price and promoting the product are common. Another alternative is to split demand by initiating a yield or receipts management system. Utilities also report success in shifting demand by the use of off-peak pricing.2.4 When capacity doesnt meet demand?When capacity doesnt equal demand, then in short term capacity planning, it can be managed by temporary worker measures such as increasing or decreasing the labor force or creating and carrying inventory in the lean period to be used in the peak demand period.If there happens to be a mismatch among demand and capacity in long term capacity planning, it can be handled by changing or modifying the capacity. If the capacity is short then a new facility can be built or expand the existing facility. In case of an excess capacity then a temporary shutdown/sale/consolidation of facilities would help.2.5 Best Operating LevelSource Operations Management by William J StevensonThe term capacity means an come-at-able rate of output but mentions nothing about till what point of time that rate can be sustained. Thus, if we say that a given plant has a capacity of x units, we do not know if it is a one-day peak or a six-month average. To avoid this issue, the concept of best operating level is brought into being. This is the level of capacity for which the process was designed and thus is the volume of output at which average unit cost is at a minimum. When the output of the facility falls below this level (under role), average unit cost will increase as overhead must be allocated to fewer units. Above this level (overutilization), average unit cost also increases-here imputable to overtime, increased equipment wear, and heightened defect rates.2.6 Capacity Planning ModelsPresent Value compendium It is used to evaluate the time of capital investment and fund flows.Aggregate Planning ModelsIt helps in examining the way of using the existing capacity for short term planning.Break Even AnalysisIt determines the minimum break down volumes of production.Linear ProgrammingIt helps in determining the optimum product mix for maximizing contribution, considering the constraints imposed by capacity.Computer theoretical accountIt is helpful in determining the effects of various scheduling policies.2.7 Economies of ScaleThis well known principle of Economics illustrates the relationship between cost and capacity in an operating system. When output increases in an operating system, the system is likely to experience cost benefits on various factors. Due to the following reasons the average unit cost begins to fall with the rise in output levelSpreading the fixed costs of capacity over a larger output.Improved utilization of several resources in the system.Cost benefit in procurement on account of increased volume.Efficient use of supervisory and management staff.The economies of scale stop over to occur beyond a level of production or output. This is called Diseconomies of Scale. There can be several reasons for thisInefficient management due to large size of it of operation and the resulting lack of coordination.Overuse of machines and break down of material handling equipments.Over hiring of employees, or overtime exceeding justifiable limits.Service slows down due to increasing complexities.Increase in quality degradations because of mismanagement and lack of focus.An Example for Economies of ScaleEconomies/Diseconomies of ScaleSource Microeconomics by Robert S. Pindyck, Daniel L. Rubinfeld, Prem L. MehtaChapter-3 Capacity Planning Techniques3.1 Capacity Planning TechniquesThere are four procedures for capacity planning capacity planning using overall factors (CPOF), capacity bills, resource profiles, and capacity requirements planning (CRP). The first trio are roughly cut approaches that involve analysis to identify potential bottlenecks that can be used with or without manufacturing resource planning (MRP) systems. CRP is used along with MRP systems. Capacity using overall factors is a simple and a manual approach to capacity planning that is based on the master production schedule (MPS) and production standards that convert required units of hold oned goods into historical loads on each work station. Bills of capacity are a procedure based on the MPS. Instead of using historical ratios, it uses the bills of material and routing sheet that shows the sequence or work stations required to produce the part, as well as the apparatus and run time. Capacity requirements can then be determined by multiplying the number of units required by the MPS by the time required to force each. Resource profiles are the same as bills of capacity, except lead times being included so that workloads fall into the correct periods. Capacity requirements planning (CRP) is relevant only in companies using MRP or MRP II. CRP uses the information from one of the previous rough-cut methods, plus MRP outputs on existing inventories and lot sizing. The result will be a tabular load report for each work station or a graphical load profile for helping plan-production requirements. This will range where capacity is not adequate or idle, allowing for imbalances to be corrected by shifts in personnel or equipment or the use of overtime or added shifts. impermanent capacity scheduling is an extension of CRP that simulates job order stopping and starting to produce a detailed schedule that provides a set of start and finish dates for each operation at each work station. A failure to understand the very nature of managing capacity can lead to disorder and hard customer service issues. If there is a mismatch between available and required capacity, adjustments should be made. However, it should be taken care that firms cannot Have perfectly-ba lanced material and capacity plans that easily accommodate emergency orders. If flexibility is the companys competitive priority, excess capacity would be appropriate.3.2 exercise and EfficiencyUtilization is the percentage of design capacity achieved.Utilization = Actual Output/Design CapacityEfficiency is the percentage of effective capacity achieved.Efficiency = Actual Output/Effective CapacityBakery ExampleActual production last week = 148,000 rollsEffective capacity = 175,000 rollsDesign capacity = 1,200 rolls per hourBakery operates 7 days/week, 3 8 hour shiftsDesign capacity = (7 x 3 x 8) x (1,200) = 201,600 rollsUtilization = 148,000/201,600 = 73.4%Efficiency = 148,000/175,000 = 84.6%Efficiency = 84.6%Efficiency of new line = 75%Expected Output = (Effective Capacity)(Efficiency)= (175,000)(.75) = 131,250 rolls3.3 Managing entreatThere are three cases in which demand has to be managed and they areDemand Exceeding CapacityControl demand by height prices, scheduling longer lead timeLong term solution is to increase the capacityCapacity exceeds demandStimulate marketProduct changesAdjusting to seasonal worker DEMANDSProduce products with complimentary demand patternsCapacity planning in short time or short term capacity planning to meet seasonal demands is explained in detail in the following sections.Chapter-4 Seasonal Demands4.1 Seasonal DemandsSeasonal Demands are those demands those cause unusually large ups or downs in demand. Seasonal demand occurs in a number of different scenarios most frequent of them is listed in the followingNatural seasonal variations (e.g. greater demand for ice cream in summer and for cold remedies in winter).Specific calendar linked Events like Diwali (Crackers, sweets), Mothers Day (e.g. greetings cards and flowers), and Christmas.Regular every day Promotions that can happen oft and semi-randomly throughout a year.4.2 Impacts and Challenges of Seasonal DemandManaging seasonal demand getting a good forecast done, planni ng production and procurement and managing the fulfillment process introduces considerable additional repugns into the process that is already complex. For most manufacturers, the two key and important planning processes are Forecasting Demand Planning, and Production Planning Scheduling.The challenge in Forecasting and Demand Planning is mainly handling the high demand volatility and variability, and unexpected demands. Specifically, promotions events tend to cause most of the issues, and result in much larger and more frequent demand spikes and dips than natural seasonal variations. If these are not planned well in a timely way of life and introduced into downstream production and distribution plans, the result can be significant reduction in manufacturing and distribution efficiencies, increase in costs, lower customer service levels and satisfaction and all these ultimately can result in a lost business.In Planning and Scheduling, the greatest of problems is dealing with fr equent changes in forecasts and orders. The ability to react swiftly while making the best decision on the way of satisfying demand is often the desired strategy of Make to come in manufacturers. For manufacturers who are unable to meet peak demand because of capacity constraints, and for those that Make to Stock or use a combined MTO/MTS strategy, tactical planning requires wide-awake tweaking of demand and production in order to plan for a suitable pre-building of inventory and to ensure that the long lead time items are purchased in synchronising with the modified production plans.Manufacturers, of course, may, to solve some or all of their capacity issues, resort to sub-contracting. The recent upward trend in contract manufacturing, and the increase in virtual manufacturing, that is, purchasing and distributing products from foreign countries significantly add to the overall supply chain complexity. In this, with very long supply lead times, accuracy of forecast is again param ount, and, the ability to give your suppliers precise projections of your requirements in a timely manner is one of the most critical factors.Despite the push of lean strategies and principles of customer driven supply chain, one of the most common ways of dealing with any type of demand uncertainty in many of the companies of today shut away appears to be to insure against the uncertainty by holding an extra inventory across the supply chain which is an expensive and unacceptable solution.4.3 Focus on Customers and DemandGetting the demand right approach benefits every subsequent supply chain planning and execution processes from production planning, through sourcing and procurement to fulfillment and this result in reduced costs as well as improvements in the top line sales and market share. On the other hand, getting the demand wrong adds cost to almost all downstream processes, severely affecting competitiveness and again ultimately results in losing the business.In forecasting and demand planning, one very much visible guideline is to focus more on the abnormal than the normal. This does not mean not paying attention to natural seasonal variations, but paying more attention on promotions and events as these are the things that almost cause the highest volatility in demand always and are the most tough to handle.Putting in extra efforts to ensure you understand your customers and the authentic sources of demand can also pay very good dividends. Many manufacturers still use their customers demand from on their warehouses but frequently, their customers ordering process is not that good and is a poor source of history of demands or demand trends. wheresoever possible, its a lot better to have eyes on the actual source of demand, namely the consumer. Using their customers POS data as part of the demand planning process often gives much better idea of the actual demand.The ability to maximize and continuously improve forecast accuracy is very important. Incre asing sales and market share with the help of improved perfect order performance and influencing and creating demand is equally important. Focusing well on demand and getting nearby to your customers is an essential requirement to achieve these goals.Chapter-5 ConclusionConclusionShort term capacity planning to meet seasonal demands, thus is critical for any company and proper forecasting of seasonal demands and a proper plan to meet all those seasonal demands should be in place. Any flaw in this, can lead to high inventory costs, employee dissatisfaction, deteriorating customer service levels and high customer dissatisfaction that leads to losing the customers and ultimately losing the business. A firm should be at vigil all the time to see the changes happening in demands and should keep changing its strategies of short term capacity planning and achieve and sustain an outstanding business value.Appendix

Shift from keynesianism to neoliberalism

Shift from keynesianism to neoliberalismHow has the paradigmatic shift from Keynesianism to Neoliberalism impacted on modern society?The shift from Keynesianism to Neoliberalism represented a variety show from a social democratic mixed economy to a fundamentalist market-first approach. This essay testament firstly outline what Neoliberalism means and some of its arguments in reverse to Keynesianism. It will then go on to show how privatisation has been ineffective in achieving Neoliberals intended aims. Thirdly it will examine the falsities of trickle down theory and in the end it will explain the negative effects of Neoliberal globalisation. I conclude that the overall impact of Neoliberalism has been negative.Neoliberalism as a philosophy is based around the principles of individualism, liberty of choice, market security, laissez faire, and minimal Government. These values provide a theoretical grounding for their challenge to Keynesian welfarism which sought to achieve an ext ensive eudaimonia state and intact employment. Neoliberals claim that the free market, with minimal government interference, would provide the most efficient and socially optimal allocation of resources. They therefore advocate the privatisation and deregulation of public serve as a way of removing inefficiencies through promoting competition. Cuts in public expenditure and taxation also minimise interferences in the market. For this reason they also seek to lop the powers of trade unions and hold down wages. They embrace the inequality these policies inevitably create the theoretical justification being that higher incomes for the rich and higher profits will lead to more investment, indirectly creating jobs and improving public assistance for everyone this is known as a trickle down effect. These values of minimal interference translate on an international level to support for free trade in goods and service, free circulation of capital, and free investment Neoliberals main tain that globalisation therefore is beneficial to everyone. Keynes on the separate hand saw national-level expansion as the route to prosperity (Dumenil and Levy, 2005, p. 24 George, 1999, pp. N/A Larner, 2000, pp. 5-25 Neale, 2008, p. 125 Robbins cited in Shah, 2009, pp. N/A Tabb, 1999, pp. 138-143).Privatisation of public services has not increased efficiency as Neoliberals claimed it would, but has in fact done the opposite. This is because public services tend to be natural monopolies, when the minimum size of it to guarantee maximum economic efficiency through economies of scale is equal to the actual size of the market. This efficiency means the provision of the highest quality service at the lowest appeal to the consumer. When such industries are privatised, they remain monopolies, only not ones controlled by accountable governments. The new owners therefore impose high prices on the public while press clipping corners on the services provided (George, 1999, pp. N/A). Th is means also that there has been a huge transfer of wealth from public to private hands. In 1984 public companies contributed 7 billion pounds to the treasury, but now that money is going to the financial institutions and large investors that own the vast majority of the shares in privatised companies (George, 1999, pp. N/A).Neoliberalism has also been proven do by in that the trickle down effect has failed to materialise. Thatchers break up of the trade unions, which meant workers had less power to bargain for higher wages, alongside her tax reforms, which involved massive tax cuts for the rich, had the desired effect of moving money up the economic ladder (George, 1999, pp. N/A). Yet this did not translate into improved general welfare and higher levels of employment as had been predicted, but in fact to the extension over time of slow growth and unemployment (Dumenil and Levy, 2005, p. 18). This issuanceed in the number of people life sentence in poverty increasing dramatica lly, from one person in ten prior to her administration to one in four by the end of the major years. Similarly in the USA, from the beginning to the end of Reagans terms in office, the income of the poorest ten percent of Americans decreased by 15% (George, 1999, pp. N/A). This can be explained by Keynes, who counters the intellect that lowering wages leads to greater employment by encouraging employers to hire more workers. He contends that although lower wages for a few aptitude have this effect, if this were generalised, it would reduce the purchasing power of the earners who are also customers, leading to a lower aggregate demand for goods and services, and thus a fall in the level of production and employment (Keynes cited in Tabb, 1999, p. 143). The transfer of wealth up the economic ladder via any means, to those who already have most of the things they need, does not result in increased local or national consumption and thus growth, but to speculation on international st ock markets (George, 1999, pp. N/A).The freedom of investment and capital movement associated with Neoliberal globalisation, has been disastrous. It has systematically undermined democratic control over economic, as well as other issues. Governments in the modern globalised era avow on attracting Foreign Direct Investment for economic growth, and so in the name of international competitiveness they are forced to abandon their commitments to inclusive welfare systems and full employment, replacing them with an emphasis on economic efficiency. Governments must also abandon other barriers to profitability, which include democratically decided social and environmental regulations. The present threat of capital relocation has led to a race to the bottom in wages and working standards among third world nations, as they desperately sample to lure investment (Larner, 2000, pp. 5-25 Woodin and Lucas, 2004, pp. 9-48).In conclusion, this essay has exposed the theoretical underpinnings of Ne oliberalism as false by highlighting its effects since its first implementation in the 1980s. The idea that the unfettered market would lead to improved social welfare through trickle down is clearly wrong, as the increased levels of poverty and unemployment clearly demonstrate. Also, the want that privatisation would improve the efficiency of public services was misplaced, due to their position as natural monopolies. Furthermore, on an international level, Neoliberal policies have stifled democracy. The transition out-of-door from Keynesianism therefore has had negative effects overall on society.Dumenil, G. and Levy, D. (2005) Costs and Benefits of Neoliberalism A Class Analysis In Epstein, G. A. (ed.) Financialization and the World Economy. Cheltenham Edward Elgar Publishing. pp. 17-45George, S. (1999), A Short History of Neoliberalism online. http//www.tni.org/es/node/66533 Accessed 21/03/2010Larner, W. (2000) Neo-liberalism policy, ideology, governmentality. Studies in politi cal economy, Vol. 63 5-25Neale, J. (2008) Stop spheric Warming Change the World. London Bookmarks Publications. p. 125Shah, A. (2009) A Primer on Neoliberalism. Global Issues online. http//www.globalissues.org/article/39/a-primer-on-neoliberalism Accessed 21/03/2010Tabb, W. K. (1999) Restructuring Political Economy. London Routledge. pp. 132-153Woodin, M. and Lucas, C. (2004) Green Alternatives to Globalisation A Manifesto. London Pluto Press. pp. 3-63

Integrative Counselling Using the Skilled Helper Approach

Integrative Counselling Using the consummate abetter _or_ abettor ApproachThe Skilled Helper ApproachOutlineThis paper is about combinative guidance employ the skilled helper move up. In this paper we will discuss the theory and follow through of the integrative cast of the skilled helper and comp unmatch adequate to(p)nts of person centred way and solution focus therapy. We will look at this integrative cast and the benefits as surface as the possible d possesssides. A casing study will then be presented victimisation this integrative model to counsel the guest.IntroductionIntegrative counselling looks at several(prenominal) approaches that have been combined and use within a therapeutic counselling birth. Coming away from a single counselling approach and combining suited models of counselling, both the counsellor and lymph gland reap the benefits of the integrated model (Arkowitz, 1997). Robertson (1970) stated that his radical eclecticism bypassed theory.Introduc tion Gerald EganGerald Egan is professor of organisation studies and psychological science and programme director for the centre for organisation development (CORD) at the Loyola University of Chicago. Egan developed the skill helper model and in 1975 published the first edition of his curb The Skilled Helper , which demonstrateding an eclectic frame add for a problem management approach to the counselling hightail it out.The Integrative counsellorThere atomic number 18 counsellors that see themselves as being eclectic in their work. It is viewed they be syncretism-using techniques from many modelsRZ1. Eclecticism no or little theoretical rationaleRZ2. Merely pulling techniques from many models without a big(a) rationale layabout provided result in syncretistic confusion (Lazarus, 1996, 1996 Lazarus, Beutler, Norcrossk, 1992).Development of TherapyThe three main influences on the development are the skills training approaches to counselling, the amiccapable influence th eory, and conductal theories of learning and mixture. Egan sums his approach up as A conceptual framework. to organise borrowed ideas, methods and techniques systematically and to integrate them into ones own theory and employment of helpingRZ3..TheoryThe skilled helper model is a Tran theoretical approach to integration. The lymph gland seeks counselling or assistance when they are experiencing difficulties in coping with problems in his or hertheir lifeves. The Counsellor will find and act on solutions to these problems. This is through by using a problem solving process. The process is demonstrated by using 3 three main stages which originally were titled Exploration, Understanding and Action, and which are now renamed as Present Scenario, Preferred Scenario and Getting ThereRZ4.The Three lay out ModelThe three stage model consists of three steps within three stages. Egan describes this model as A a cognitive map with operable potential, complex enough to make sense of real ity and simple enough to useRZ5..1 Present ScenarioThe node is helped to describe and explore the present ScenarioRZ6,she is going through at present2The Preferred ScenarioArticulate a preferred scenario that includes future goalsaAnd objectives.3Getting ThereDevelop and implement action strategies forrom movingfrom the current to preferred scenario.The Skilled Helper Model is integrative, going mainly through three stages. Person centered, to establish the therapeutic relationship, Gestalt, for intense work on awareness and demeanor therapy to work on change. Egan states do whatever is ethical and works. (199062). (Robertson (1979) stated that his radical eclecticism bypassed theory. The writerRZ7 argues that theory is evident within the approach as it is influenced by untroubled theoretical approaches integrated into the skilled helper.Dr Carl Rogers argues that It is the guest who knows what is hurting and in the final analysis it is the client who knows how to move forewardo rds ... the counsellors task is to enable the client to make contact with his own inner resources rather than to guide, advise or in some other way influence the direction the client should shine . Thus thus emphasising the central importance of the clients phenomenological world. (Mearns Thorne, 1988, P1).The three stage model is a systematic way of learning to work with clients helping them to cope to a greater extent tellingly with their life,. tTo manage their problems in living to a greater extent effectively and develop unused opportunities to a greater extent fully, and to help people conk out better at helping themselves in their everyday lives. (Egan G., The Skilled Helper, 1998, pp. 7-8). Using the approach counsellors are able to explore the clients feelings, thinking and demeanor.In stages one and two, clients are helped to explore and understand themselves their feelings and their world better, and in a different light. In stage 3 three, clients are helped to p olish off effective action to achieve constructive change.Assumptions of the ModelSome counsellors see the skilled helper model as being basic counselling and a paradigm that is do more complicated than necessary. Egan is slightly contrary about human natureRZ8 ..Egan and Cowan 1979RZ9Egan and Cowan 1979, 1980 Egan, 1984RZ10The focus of the skilled helper model is concentratesd on the client, with the aid of counsellor, in enabling the client to develop new skills of egotism management, interpersonal communication, and decision making. The counsellor and client wWorking together on strategies to bring about change, and they. examine Looking at what the client would desire to change or manage differently.Psychological HealthThe heart of the problem solving process is the clients action itself (Egan, (1975227). This is achievable by enabling the client to tell his or her storey. The skilled helper model is one that sees the potential of change to take place in clients (Inskipp, 199 392), w. Where the client shi8fts their behaviour from unhealthy to healthy to juvinateRZ11 positive change. kind comes about through action The heart of the problem-solving process is the clients action itself (Egan, 19752227RZ12). This is by way of the client letting goRZ13.Change begins to take place when the client is presumptuousness space to tell his or her their storey. In telling of the storey, the resources for change areis identified and used. Client The client is helped to reframe by eyesight the story and, situations in a different light, seeing him or heerself as a survivor rather than a victim. However, simply Just wanting change to take place is not sufficient. The cClient must be active in the process of change by way of adapting his or her behaviour through action, rebuke and new learning. Constructive change is always the bottom line. (Egan 1990207).Practice and clinical issuesThe counsellor has to be effective in the way the approach is used. Helpers are roar ing to the degree that their clients because of client helper interactions are in a better position to manage specific problem situations and develop specific unused resources and opportunities more effectively. (Egan, 19987). The role of the counsellor is to assist the client in understanding his or hertheir storey and /problem, and assist with skills that will aid their client in being effective in the management of particular challenging situations.The gGoals of the counsellor in the relationship are to build and empathic alliance, to assist, identify, support and to evaluate.Counsellors use of the ModelUnderstand and confidence of the 3 stage model with a willingness to adjust to accommodate the clients necessitatesRZ14. Counsellor works with the client in the here and now. Some of the skills used would be their natural internal supervisor and , att breaking skills, through awareness and use of the mnemonic SOLAR (squarely, open, learn, eye, relaxed). For non verbal communic ation, using the model as a template for change, the counsellor worksing therapeutically at the clients pace using assessment skills, identifying if the degree of difficulty see by the client gets in the way of achieving change in mood and relationships.Making a contract with client, focusses of the work, nature and frequency of contact, confidentiality and possible limitations of it, review and evaluationRZ15. military rating is ongoing through sessions as this helps identify what is /or is not helpful during the session.Use of skill through communicationThe counsellor engages with the client attendingRZ16, active listening, establishing and transferral empathy and the use of probes and questioning, immediacy, and appropriate self disclosure to client. Brain storming is a cognitive way of helping client to look at new perspectives on situations. think generates hope that thisRZ17 can be different this helps client to move foreward into work creatively. The cCounsellor can eng age with the client using a variety of different skills, such(prenominal) as . Prompting what do you really want for yourself in this situation, miracle Miracle Ququestion brief therapy, Blank wall visualisation NLP (DeShezer, 1988 OConnor and McDermott, 1996)0.Goal setting and reviewing helps client to see hopes as goals that are SMARTRZ18, specific, measurable, achievable, realistic and time-limited.Change ProcessEgan takes his process of change from the behavioural approach (Wopolfe et al., 198911). Seeing behavioural change over cognitive changeRZ19. The counsellor uses empathy to anatomy a strong working alliance with the client through the exploration of feelings. The exploration of feelings plays the main part in effecting for change to take place. Within an article about change showedOne source identifies three3 agents for change stated affective experiencing, cognitive mastery and behavioural regulation (Karasu 1986690). RZ20 These three3 agents play a major part in the skilled helper approach for change to take place.Nature of therapeutic relationshipEgan sees that the therapeutic relationship is instrumental in the counselling process. Working to achieve goals within specific time restrains the counsellor takes on the role ofRZ21 . A relationship of attend, not an end in itself (Egan 199057). Whereby Rogers argues that the therapeutic relationship is fundamental in the counselling processRZ22.As part of the skilled helper approach, Egan incorporated Rogers core conditions. Egan describes himself as standing on Rogers shouldersRZ23, owing much to him as the core conditions is a major part of the approach. Rogers, on the other hand, concentrates on the person as a whole human-being. There are many differences amongst the two approaches (see Table 9.1).Format of a typical sessionEach session is different as there are is no set format. Tthe process depends on where the client is with the process of change.Indications and contraindicationsThis approach is similar to the cognitive and behavioural approaches. The model is only beneficial for clients with mild to moderate conditions. The approaches concentrates itself onwith the client having the motivation to change and test out feelings and perceptions in a new framework.The model can be used with most clients and situations including depression ()Mynors-Wallis et al., 1995 Sseeley et al., 1996), and working with young people (Mabey and Sorensen, 1995).The model is described as being eclectic (Inskipp and Johns, 1984).Weakness of ModelThe model can be iInflexible, not fitted for clients with deep roouted problems, and there is little interrogation to verify its efficacyRZ24. Although the problem management programme is beneficial, it may have to be modified to fit some cultures.Obstacles to IntegrationWithin Tthe development and usage of an integrative mode,l as opposed to a single model, has its drawbacks and possible pitfalls. Hastily combining counselling models on a at whim just because the models separately are pleasing does not necessarily not lend itself to necessarily be combined successful combinationly into an integrated model.No one theory or model can testify that it ey holds athe patent off the truth. No one single model or set of techniques have or can always be effective with diverse clients. Nonetheless, tThere is a current trend, as the basis for future counselling practices writers are developing integrative approaches (Lazarus, 1996RZ25). Some models of counselling integration are The Skilled Helper Model, Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) and the Conversational Model.There are times, however (dependent on the client) when a single established integrative model may be used. For the purpose of this essay an example of the Skilled Helper model will be the main integrative model.Case StudyIntroductionThis case study looks at the use of the skilled helper model with Lisa, a 16 stratum old college student on a one year base course. Her problem is that she finds herself more and more angry. Every week there is an aggressive situation at college between Lisa and her peers or with members of the college staff. She has been officially warned twice and is in great jeopardy of being thrown off her course and out of college. Throughout many of her comprehensive school life she has been expelled from several schools because of her behaviour. It was recommended by the assimilator Support Manager that Lisa attend some sessions of counselling to get herself sorted outRZ26. This was an option recommended to herim as an alternative to expelling her.expulsion.TheoryHelping relationships are influenced by whether the helper is a trained counsellor or is using counselling skills as part of performing another role. Helping relationships takes place in the gallery and in the heart, as well as face to face. Ultimately all helping relationships need to become client self helping relationships. (Nelson-Jones, 1999, P.118)Stage o ne looks at the problems, issues, concerns, and undeveloped opportunities for Lisa.Lisa agreed to attend counselling, this was not a new experience for her. She had previously received counselling and anger management several times and stated, Tthey dont work..Assessment and Contracting took place during the first session. Lisa was listened to, enabling her to tell her storey of what brought her to counselling and the lead up to it. During the session, probing was used to discover that Lisa tangle alone even though it appeared she had many friends. She was the leader of her girl gang. Not real friends, they dont know me. Theyre only with me because I fight for them. Some of them are bigger than me.. She felt unlove by her mother because there was no discipline and they only encouragement dedicaten was for her to stand up for herself. Her dad has fatigued geezerhood in and out of prison. Lisa felt ugly and was often told that she wasso. She dressed in boys clothes and kept her h emangioma simplex blond hair (which almost reached halfway down her back) secured with an elastic band. She had an older sister who was 20, who had changed her religion and was preparing to marry within into a Muslim family. Lisa had two jr. brothers that seemed to get away with ruling the household with their demands. Lisa proudly carried a small photograph around with her of her deceased sister, the only person she really felt loved by, and the only one she loved. With more gentle probing, it became apparent that her sister died as a baby two years before Lisa was bornRZ27. Her past time is spent hanging out with her friends and at times purposely causing trouble. She left school with no formal qualifications, and therefore was placed on a foundation course which she found did not hold her attention as she got through her work quickly. and so Aas she could move foreward, Lisa found she was helping other students in the course of action with their workRZ28.Lisa is asked what do yo u really want for yourself in this situation? Brainstorming technique is used to look at course and career options. Lisa looks into the future of how she would love to be an accountant as she is very good at maths, or even an actressRZ29. In the past she had thought that someone akin her would not have the prospect to do either, but she was happy to look at moving foreward.A mental list was used for the client to come up with some of the things she would like to change. She realises that she is on the wrong course and comes to know that by accepting support from the educational guidance worker and Foundation studies manager she may be able to change her course to one that will be pitched at a higher level to do business studies and accounts. She also realises if she had toned her behaviour down at school for the last few weeks before the end of term, she would not have been expelledRZ30 and would have through her exams at school rather than boastful up her 9 GCSEs even though a n alternative school was offered for her to take her exams. Her estimated grades were mainly Bs and Cs.3 sessions Llisa seems agitated, feeling she has to no choice but to come. options givenRZ31. Fears of exclusion, no qwualifications, failureRZ32The counsellor gave aAssurances that given everything is confidential with the exception of disclosures to child protection agencies, or in the case of imminent harm to self and others. The counsellor also eExplained counselling is not a prescription n, she not does not have to come, the decision will be hers, no implications with or from college staffRZ33.By telling her storey at the placeRZ34 she has more insight into the issues she faced. She sees herself as helpful, hardworking and a good communicator.The model of the skilled helper is explained more fully to clients recess of the process within the model used. Learnt basic features of model for focus, direction, guidance interactions with peearsRZ35.Stage 1 Step 1 Tthe storeyClien t tells her storey which is facilitated by me using probes, this encourages the client to offer detailed information about herself. This enables client to understand her situation, so as she can look at what needs to be done to manage it.Goal setting What do I really want?Step 1b Blind spotLisa is helped to identify signifcicant blind spots about herself so as she can develop new perspectives in moving foreward. This is used to break through areas that prevent Llisa from seeing herself and her situationRZ36.Step 1c Cchoosing right problem to work onn.Lisa has many problems, I hHelped her work on problems that will make a substantial difference in her life. The client is encouraged and supported in working on her problems.The questionsRZ37 help Llisa to look into her future. Lisa discovers there are many things she wants there is a , right course for her, one that she is interested in and can enjoy. She can enjoy bBetter relationships with peers and staff. She can enjoy tTime for herself and her mom.Lisa was fFurther encouraged to look at needs and prioritise them. Overall she needs to feel she is achieving academically, making progress in relationships with family, and she would like to change her image be a girly girl..Setting priorities help her to think about how she might achieve them. I then helped her to explore and clarify her priorities. Tthis is done by asking her how would she know she is achieving, what would it look like. The type of course is then explored in the areas of accountancy and performing arts and which one would be more suitable for her needs and wants, and by. looking at which one is more practicael and achievable.Stage 3 Developing action strategies.At the beginning of counselling, mentoring support group work was offered to Lisa. This service was offered again to clientRZ38. She breaks through some blind spots, getting a better understanding of and prioriitising her needs, as well as. eExploring what she needs to do to get wha t she wants. Lisa talks more about her hoped for ambitions prioritising accountancy, making contact with the college guidance worker to see what she would need to get onto a course. On being an actress, it was decided by the client that she would need to attend sage school or the performing arts course at college. We explored each profession, looking at pay, reliability, enjoyability, the possibility that it would possibly help form good character, as well as career endurance. Accountancy took priority, coming out on top in Lisas evaluation. This also linked into the point that the client enjoys and excels in maths and has experienced accounts at school., Armed with this information, the client contacted her personal tutor and foundations manager. She put her case forward to them them both to be able to be transferred onto an accountancy or business studies course with administration. Giving the client space to do this contributed to her empowerment.The mentoring group consisted of eight 8 students, 16 18 years of age. This gave students a safe place to explore her feelings about her relationships and her body image. She Lisa bravely asked Ddo your moms help you with your hair and make up? Ttalk to you about boys? The questions generated much conversing over two sessions. As a result of the group, work the hair, beauty and holistic therapy departments were approached. Client wanted to be a gfirly girl, which meant she wanted help in knowing how to flair her hair, and to apply put make-up on. Sessions for a course of holistic therapy to help with stress were arranged. these therapies helped her to physically see herself in comparison to whathow she had imagined within her own mind.By being a valued member of the weekly group, the client found she was able to receive support as well as give it, leaving her feeling empowered. Being actionRZ39 in her therapy has allowed her to concentrate on her course, career prospects, and image, which leads to improved personal conduct, relationship with peers, members of staff and mother, thereby. rReducing the anger and sometimes hate she felt for herself and resentment towards her mother.Client Lisa eventually moves out of the group, as she feels less angry and stressed. Although client she may have benefited from staying for one or two more sessions, the end of session evaluation was that the client felt that she had sufficiently improved and wanted to withdraw therefore the helping process had served its purpose (. Waehler and Lenox (1994)). Therefore Hher relationships are more productive and enjoyable she is. feeling better about herself as she knows some of the feelingss and views of her peers as they saw her . hHow she was and how she can be. by way of a connextiosRZ40 worker client is being helped to communication her needs to her mother taki

Fear of Failure in The Catcher In The Rye Essay -- Catcher Rye Essays

Fear of Failure in The Catcher In The Rye Holden Caulfield, the main character in J.D. Salingers novel, The Catcher In The Rye, feels that he needs to protect people around him, because he failed to protect his brother Allie from death. Holden feels that he has to care for those close to him. He watches over Jane, Phoebe, and even Mrs. Murrow when he meets her on the train. Holden tries to shield these people from distress. He does non want to fail anyone else. Returning back home from getting kicked out of Pencey, Holden meets the mother of Ernest Murrow, a classmate of his, on the train. They introduce themselves and start talking about Ernest and how he is like in school. Holden did not tell Mrs. Murrow about Ernests misbehavior at school because he did not want her to think negatively of her son. Holden feels that he is a failure and that his consume parents are ashamed of him. He does not want Mrs.Murrow to feel ashamed of her own son and so he lies to her. He wanted to protect her from the truth about her son Her son was doubtless the bigges...